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Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

# NAG Toolbox: nag_lapack_ztrtrs (f07ts)

## Purpose

nag_lapack_ztrtrs (f07ts) solves a complex triangular system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides, AX = B$AX=B$, ATX = B${A}^{\mathrm{T}}X=B$ or AHX = B${A}^{\mathrm{H}}X=B$.

## Syntax

[b, info] = f07ts(uplo, trans, diag, a, b, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)
[b, info] = nag_lapack_ztrtrs(uplo, trans, diag, a, b, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)

## Description

nag_lapack_ztrtrs (f07ts) solves a complex triangular system of linear equations AX = B$AX=B$, ATX = B${A}^{\mathrm{T}}X=B$ or AHX = B${A}^{\mathrm{H}}X=B$.

## References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Higham N J (1989) The accuracy of solutions to triangular systems SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 26 1252–1265

## Parameters

### Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     uplo – string (length ≥ 1)
Specifies whether A$A$ is upper or lower triangular.
uplo = 'U'${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$
A$A$ is upper triangular.
uplo = 'L'${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$
A$A$ is lower triangular.
Constraint: uplo = 'U'${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or 'L'$\text{'L'}$.
2:     trans – string (length ≥ 1)
Indicates the form of the equations.
trans = 'N'${\mathbf{trans}}=\text{'N'}$
The equations are of the form AX = B$AX=B$.
trans = 'T'${\mathbf{trans}}=\text{'T'}$
The equations are of the form ATX = B${A}^{\mathrm{T}}X=B$.
trans = 'C'${\mathbf{trans}}=\text{'C'}$
The equations are of the form AHX = B${A}^{\mathrm{H}}X=B$.
Constraint: trans = 'N'${\mathbf{trans}}=\text{'N'}$, 'T'$\text{'T'}$ or 'C'$\text{'C'}$.
3:     diag – string (length ≥ 1)
Indicates whether A$A$ is a nonunit or unit triangular matrix.
diag = 'N'${\mathbf{diag}}=\text{'N'}$
A$A$ is a nonunit triangular matrix.
diag = 'U'${\mathbf{diag}}=\text{'U'}$
A$A$ is a unit triangular matrix; the diagonal elements are not referenced and are assumed to be 1$1$.
Constraint: diag = 'N'${\mathbf{diag}}=\text{'N'}$ or 'U'$\text{'U'}$.
4:     a(lda, : $:$) – complex array
The first dimension of the array a must be at least max (1,n)$\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$
The second dimension of the array must be at least max (1,n)$\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$
The n$n$ by n$n$ triangular matrix A$A$.
• If uplo = 'U'${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, a$a$ is upper triangular and the elements of the array below the diagonal are not referenced.
• If uplo = 'L'${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, a$a$ is lower triangular and the elements of the array above the diagonal are not referenced.
• If diag = 'U'${\mathbf{diag}}=\text{'U'}$, the diagonal elements of a$a$ are assumed to be 1$1$, and are not referenced.
5:     b(ldb, : $:$) – complex array
The first dimension of the array b must be at least max (1,n)$\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$
The second dimension of the array must be at least max (1,nrhs)$\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$
The n$n$ by r$r$ right-hand side matrix B$B$.

### Optional Input Parameters

1:     n – int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: The first dimension of the arrays a, b The second dimension of the array a.
n$n$, the order of the matrix A$A$.
Constraint: n0${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
2:     nrhs_p – int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: The second dimension of the array b.
r$r$, the number of right-hand sides.
Constraint: nrhs0${\mathbf{nrhs}}\ge 0$.

lda ldb

### Output Parameters

1:     b(ldb, : $:$) – complex array
The first dimension of the array b will be max (1,n)$\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$
The second dimension of the array will be max (1,nrhs)$\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$
ldbmax (1,n)$\mathit{ldb}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The n$n$ by r$r$ solution matrix X$X$.
2:     info – int64int32nag_int scalar
info = 0${\mathbf{info}}=0$ unless the function detects an error (see Section [Error Indicators and Warnings]).

## Error Indicators and Warnings

Cases prefixed with W are classified as warnings and do not generate an error of type NAG:error_n. See nag_issue_warnings.

info = i${\mathbf{info}}=-i$
If info = i${\mathbf{info}}=-i$, parameter i$i$ had an illegal value on entry. The parameters are numbered as follows:
1: uplo, 2: trans, 3: diag, 4: n, 5: nrhs_p, 6: a, 7: lda, 8: b, 9: ldb, 10: info.
It is possible that info refers to a parameter that is omitted from the MATLAB interface. This usually indicates that an error in one of the other input parameters has caused an incorrect value to be inferred.
W INFO > 0${\mathbf{INFO}}>0$
If info = i${\mathbf{info}}=i$, a(i,i)$a\left(i,i\right)$ is exactly zero; A$A$ is singular and the solution has not been computed.

## Accuracy

The solutions of triangular systems of equations are usually computed to high accuracy. See Higham (1989).
For each right-hand side vector b$b$, the computed solution x$x$ is the exact solution of a perturbed system of equations (A + E)x = b$\left(A+E\right)x=b$, where
 |E| ≤ c(n)ε|A| , $|E|≤c(n)ε|A| ,$
c(n)$c\left(n\right)$ is a modest linear function of n$n$, and ε$\epsilon$ is the machine precision.
If $\stackrel{^}{x}$ is the true solution, then the computed solution x$x$ satisfies a forward error bound of the form
 (‖x − x̂‖∞)/(‖x‖∞) ≤ c(n)cond(A,x)ε ,   provided   c(n)cond(A,x)ε < 1 , $‖x-x^‖∞ ‖x‖∞ ≤c(n)cond(A,x)ε , provided c(n)cond(A,x)ε<1 ,$
where cond(A,x) = |A1||A||x| / x$\mathrm{cond}\left(A,x\right)={‖|{A}^{-1}||A||x|‖}_{\infty }/{‖x‖}_{\infty }$.
Note that cond(A,x)cond(A) = |A1||A|κ(A)$\mathrm{cond}\left(A,x\right)\le \mathrm{cond}\left(A\right)={‖|{A}^{-1}||A|‖}_{\infty }\le {\kappa }_{\infty }\left(A\right)$; cond(A,x)$\mathrm{cond}\left(A,x\right)$ can be much smaller than cond(A)$\mathrm{cond}\left(A\right)$ and it is also possible for cond(AH)$\mathrm{cond}\left({A}^{\mathrm{H}}\right)$, which is the same as cond(AT)$\mathrm{cond}\left({A}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)$, to be much larger (or smaller) than cond(A)$\mathrm{cond}\left(A\right)$.
Forward and backward error bounds can be computed by calling nag_lapack_ztrrfs (f07tv), and an estimate for κ(A)${\kappa }_{\infty }\left(A\right)$ can be obtained by calling nag_lapack_ztrcon (f07tu) with norm = 'I'${\mathbf{norm}}=\text{'I'}$.

The total number of real floating point operations is approximately 4n2r$4{n}^{2}r$.
The real analogue of this function is nag_lapack_dtrtrs (f07te).

## Example

```function nag_lapack_ztrtrs_example
uplo = 'L';
trans = 'N';
diag = 'N';
a = [ 4.78 + 4.56i,  0 + 0i,  0 + 0i,  0 + 0i;
2 - 0.3i,  -4.11 + 1.25i,  0 + 0i,  0 + 0i;
2.89 - 1.34i,  2.36 - 4.25i,  4.15 + 0.8i,  0 + 0i;
-1.89 + 1.15i,  0.04 - 3.69i,  -0.02 + 0.46i,  0.33 - 0.26i];
b = [ -14.78 - 32.36i,  -18.02 + 28.46i;
2.98 - 2.14i,  14.22 + 15.42i;
-20.96 + 17.06i,  5.62 + 35.89i;
9.54 + 9.91i,  -16.46 - 1.73i];
[bOut, info] = nag_lapack_ztrtrs(uplo, trans, diag, a, b)
```
```

bOut =

-5.0000 - 2.0000i   1.0000 + 5.0000i
-3.0000 - 1.0000i  -2.0000 - 2.0000i
2.0000 + 1.0000i   3.0000 + 4.0000i
4.0000 + 3.0000i   4.0000 - 3.0000i

info =

0

```
```function f07ts_example
uplo = 'L';
trans = 'N';
diag = 'N';
a = [ 4.78 + 4.56i,  0 + 0i,  0 + 0i,  0 + 0i;
2 - 0.3i,  -4.11 + 1.25i,  0 + 0i,  0 + 0i;
2.89 - 1.34i,  2.36 - 4.25i,  4.15 + 0.8i,  0 + 0i;
-1.89 + 1.15i,  0.04 - 3.69i,  -0.02 + 0.46i,  0.33 - 0.26i];
b = [ -14.78 - 32.36i,  -18.02 + 28.46i;
2.98 - 2.14i,  14.22 + 15.42i;
-20.96 + 17.06i,  5.62 + 35.89i;
9.54 + 9.91i,  -16.46 - 1.73i];
[bOut, info] = f07ts(uplo, trans, diag, a, b)
```
```

bOut =

-5.0000 - 2.0000i   1.0000 + 5.0000i
-3.0000 - 1.0000i  -2.0000 - 2.0000i
2.0000 + 1.0000i   3.0000 + 4.0000i
4.0000 + 3.0000i   4.0000 - 3.0000i

info =

0

```