NAG Fortran Library Routine Document
E04UCF/E04UCA
Note: this routine uses optional parameters to define choices in the problem specification and in the details of the algorithm. If you wish to use default
settings for all of the optional parameters, you need only read Sections 1 to 9 of this document.
If, however, you wish to reset some or all of the settings please refer to
Section 10 for a detailed description of the algorithm, to
Section 11 for a detailed description of the specification of the optional parameters and to
Section 12 for a detailed description of the monitoring information produced by the routine.
1 Purpose
E04UCF/E04UCA is designed to minimize an arbitrary smooth function subject to constraints (which may include simple bounds on the variables, linear constraints and smooth nonlinear constraints) using a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method. As many first derivatives as possible should be supplied by you; any unspecified derivatives are approximated by finite differences. It is not intended for large sparse problems.
E04UCF/E04UCA may also be used for unconstrained, bound-constrained and linearly constrained optimization.
E04UCF/E04UCA uses forward
communication for evaluating the objective function, the nonlinear constraint functions, and any of their derivatives.
E04UCA is a version of E04UCF that has additional parameters in order to make it safe for use in multithreaded applications (see Section
5). The initialization routine
E04WBF must have been called prior to calling E04UCA.
2 Specification
2.1 Specification for E04UCF
| SUBROUTINE E04UCF ( | N, NCLIN, NCNLN, LDA, LDCJ, LDR, A, BL, BU, CONFUN, OBJFUN, ITER, ISTATE, C, CJAC, CLAMDA, OBJF, OBJGRD, R, X, IWORK, LIWORK, WORK, LWORK, IUSER, RUSER, IFAIL) |
| INTEGER | N, NCLIN, NCNLN, LDA, LDCJ, LDR, ITER, ISTATE(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), IWORK(LIWORK), LIWORK, LWORK, IUSER(*), IFAIL |
| double precision | A(LDA,*), BL(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), BU(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), C(*), CJAC(LDCJ,*), CLAMDA(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), OBJF, OBJGRD(N), R(LDR,N), X(N), WORK(LWORK), RUSER(*) |
| EXTERNAL | CONFUN, OBJFUN |
2.2 Specification for E04UCA
| SUBROUTINE E04UCA ( | N, NCLIN, NCNLN, LDA, LDCJ, LDR, A, BL, BU, CONFUN, OBJFUN, ITER, ISTATE, C, CJAC, CLAMDA, OBJF, OBJGRD, R, X, IWORK, LIWORK, WORK, LWORK, IUSER, RUSER, LWSAV, IWSAV, RWSAV, IFAIL) |
| INTEGER | N, NCLIN, NCNLN, LDA, LDCJ, LDR, ITER, ISTATE(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), IWORK(LIWORK), LIWORK, LWORK, IUSER(*), IWSAV(610), IFAIL |
| double precision | A(LDA,*), BL(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), BU(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), C(*), CJAC(LDCJ,*), CLAMDA(N+NCLIN+NCNLN), OBJF, OBJGRD(N), R(LDR,N), X(N), WORK(LWORK), RUSER(*), RWSAV(475) |
| LOGICAL | LWSAV(120) |
| EXTERNAL | CONFUN, OBJFUN |
Before calling E04UCA, or either of the option setting routines
E04UDA or
E04UEA,
E04WBF
must be called. The specification for
E04WBF is:
| SUBROUTINE E04WBF ( | RNAME, CWSAV, LCWSAV, LWSAV, LLWSAV, IWSAV, LIWSAV, RWSAV, LRWSAV, IFAIL) |
| INTEGER | LCWSAV, LLWSAV, IWSAV(LIWSAV), LIWSAV, LRWSAV, IFAIL |
| double precision | RWSAV(LRWSAV) |
| LOGICAL | LWSAV(LLWSAV) |
| CHARACTER*6 | RNAME |
| CHARACTER*80 | CWSAV(LCWSAV) |
E04WBF should be called with
RNAME=E04UCA.
LCWSAV,
LLWSAV,
LIWSAV and
LRWSAV, the declared lengths of
CWSAV,
LWSAV,
IWSAV and
RWSAV respectively, must satisfy:
- LCWSAV≥1;
- LLWSAV≥120;
- LIWSAV≥610;
- LRWSAV≥475.
The contents of the arrays
CWSAV,
LWSAV,
IWSAV and
RWSAV
must not be altered between calling routines
E04WBF,
E04UCA,
E04UDA and
E04UEA.
3 Description
E04UCF/E04UCA is designed to solve the nonlinear programming problem – the minimization of a smooth nonlinear function subject to a set of constraints on the variables. The problem is assumed to be stated in the following form:
where
Fx (the
objective function) is a nonlinear function,
AL is an
nL by
n constant matrix, and
cx is an
nN element vector of nonlinear constraint functions. (The matrix
AL and the vector
cx may be empty.) The objective function and the constraint functions are assumed to be smooth, i.e., at least twice-continuously differentiable. (The method of E04UCF/E04UCA will usually solve (
1) if there are only isolated discontinuities away from the solution.)
Note that although the bounds on the variables could be included in the definition of the linear constraints, we prefer to distinguish between them for reasons of computational efficiency. For the same reason, the linear constraints should
not be included in the definition of the nonlinear constraints. Upper and lower bounds are specified for all the variables and for all the constraints. An
equality constraint can be specified by setting
li=ui. If certain bounds are not present, the associated elements of
l or
u can be set to special values that will be treated as
-∞ or
+∞. (See the description of the optional parameter
Infinite Bound Size.)
If there are no nonlinear constraints in (
1) and
F is linear or quadratic, then it will generally be more efficient to use one of
E04MFF/E04MFA,
E04NCF/E04NCA or
E04NFF/E04NFA, or
E04NKF/E04NKA if the problem is large and sparse. If the problem is large and sparse and does have nonlinear constraints, then
E04UGF/E04UGA should be used, since E04UCF/E04UCA treats all matrices as dense.
You must supply an initial estimate of the solution to (
1), together with (sub)programs that define
Fx,
cx and as many first partial derivatives as possible; unspecified derivatives are approximated by finite differences.
The objective function is defined by (sub)program
OBJFUN, and the nonlinear constraints are defined by (sub)program
CONFUN. On every call, these (sub)programs must return appropriate values of the objective and nonlinear constraints. You should also provide the available partial derivatives. Any unspecified derivatives are approximated by finite differences for a discussion of the optional parameter
Derivative Level. Just before either
OBJFUN or
CONFUN is called, each element of the current gradient array
OBJGRD or
CJAC is initialized to a special value. On exit, any element that retains the value is estimated by finite differences. Note that if there
are any nonlinear constraints then the
first call to
CONFUN will precede the
first call to
OBJFUN.
For maximum reliability, it is preferable for you to provide all partial derivatives (see Chapter 8 of
Gill et al. (1981), for a detailed discussion). If all gradients cannot be provided, it is similarly advisable to provide as many as possible. While developing the (sub)programs
OBJFUN and
CONFUN, the optional parameter
Verify should be used to check the calculation of any known gradients.
The method used by E04UCF/E04UCA is described in detail in Section
10.
E04UFF/E04UFA is an alternative routine which uses exactly the same method, but uses
reverse
communication for evaluating the objective and constraint functions.
4 References
Dennis J E Jr and Moré J J (1977) Quasi-Newton methods, motivation and theory SIAM Rev. 19 46–89
Dennis J E Jr and Schnabel R B (1981) A new derivation of symmetric positive-definite secant updates nonlinear programming (ed O L Mangasarian, R R Meyer and S M Robinson) 4 167–199 Academic Press
Dennis J E Jr and Schnabel R B (1983) Numerical Methods for Unconstrained Optimization and Nonlinear Equations Prentice–Hall
Fletcher R (1987) Practical Methods of Optimization (2nd Edition) Wiley
Gill P E, Hammarling S, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1986a) Users' guide for LSSOL (Version 1.0) Report SOL 86-1 Department of Operations Research, Stanford University
Gill P E, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1984) Users' guide for SOL/QPSOL version 3.2 Report SOL 84–5 Department of Operations Research, Stanford University
Gill P E, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1984b) Procedures for optimization problems with a mixture of bounds and general linear constraints ACM Trans. Math. Software 10 282–298
Gill P E, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1986b) Some theoretical properties of an augmented Lagrangian merit function Report SOL 86–6R Department of Operations Research, Stanford University
Gill P E, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1986c) Users' guide for NPSOL (Version 4.0): a Fortran package for nonlinear programming Report SOL 86-2 Department of Operations Research, Stanford University
Gill P E, Murray W and Wright M H (1981) Practical Optimization Academic Press
Hock W and Schittkowski K (1981) Test Examples for Nonlinear Programming Codes. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 187 Springer–Verlag
Powell M J D (1974) Introduction to constrained optimization Numerical Methods for Constrained Optimization (ed P E Gill and W Murray) 1–28 Academic Press
Powell M J D (1983) Variable metric methods in constrained optimization Mathematical Programming: The State of the Art (ed A Bachem, M Grötschel and B Korte) 288–311 Springer–Verlag
5 Parameters
- 1:
N – INTEGERInput
-
On entry:
n, the number of variables.
Constraint:
N>0.
- 2:
NCLIN – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: nL, the number of general linear constraints.
Constraint:
NCLIN≥0.
- 3:
NCNLN – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: nN, the number of nonlinear constraints.
Constraint:
NCNLN≥0.
- 4:
LDA – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: the first dimension of the array
A as declared in the (sub)program from which E04UCF/E04UCA is called.
Constraint:
LDA≥max1,NCLIN.
- 5:
LDCJ – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: the first dimension of the array
CJAC as declared in the (sub)program from which E04UCF/E04UCA is called.
Constraint:
LDCJ≥max1,NCNLN.
- 6:
LDR – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array
R as declared in the (sub)program from which E04UCF/E04UCA is called.
Constraint:
LDR≥N.
- 7:
A(LDA,*) – double precision arrayInput
Note: the second dimension of the array
A must be at least
N if
NCLIN>0 and at least
1 otherwise.
On entry: the
ith row of the array
A must contain the
ith row of the matrix
AL of general linear constraints in (
1). That is, the
ith row contains the coefficients of the
ith general linear constraint, for
i=1,2,…,NCLIN.
If
NCLIN=0 then the array
A is not referenced.
- 8:
BL(N+NCLIN+NCNLN) – double precision arrayInput
- 9:
BU(N+NCLIN+NCNLN) – double precision arrayInput
On entry:
BL must contain the lower bounds and
BU the upper bounds for all the constraints in the following order. The first
n elements of each array must contain the bounds on the variables, the next
nL elements the bounds for the general linear constraints (if any) and the next
nN elements the bounds for the general nonlinear constraints (if any). To specify a non-existent lower bound (i.e.,
lj=-∞), set
BLj≤-bigbnd, and to specify a non-existent upper bound (i.e.,
uj=+∞), set
BUj≥bigbnd; the default value of
bigbnd is
1020, but this may be changed by the optional parameter
Infinite Bound Size. To specify the
jth constraint as an
equality, set
BLj=BUj=β, say, where
β<bigbnd.
Constraints:
- BLj≤BUj, for j=1,2,…,N+NCLIN+NCNLN;
- if BLj=BUj=β, β<bigbnd.
- 10:
CONFUN – SUBROUTINE, supplied by the user.External Procedure
CONFUN must calculate the vector
cx of nonlinear constraint functions and (optionally) its Jacobian (
=
∂c
∂x
) for a specified
n element vector
x. If there are no nonlinear constraints (i.e.,
NCNLN=0),
CONFUN will never be called by E04UCF/E04UCA and
CONFUN may be the dummy routine E04UDM. (E04UDM is included in the NAG Fortran Library and so need not be supplied by you. Its name may be implementation-dependent, please refer to the
Users' Note for your implementation for details.) If there are nonlinear constraints, the first call to
CONFUN will occur before the first call to
OBJFUN.
Its specification is:
| SUBROUTINE CONFUN ( | MODE, NCNLN, N, LDCJ, NEEDC, X, C, CJAC, NSTATE, IUSER, RUSER) |
| INTEGER | MODE, NCNLN, N, LDCJ, NEEDC(NCNLN), NSTATE, IUSER(*) |
| double precision | X(N), C(NCNLN), CJAC(LDCJ,N), RUSER(*) |
- 1:
MODE – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: indicates which values must be assigned during each call of
CONFUN. Only the following values need be assigned, for each value of
i such that
NEEDCi>0:
- MODE=0
- Ci.
- MODE=1
- All available elements in the ith row of CJAC.
- MODE=2
- Ci and all available elements in the ith row of CJAC.
On exit: may be set to a negative value if you wish to terminate the solution to the current problem. In this case E04UCF/E04UCA will terminate with
IFAIL set to
MODE.
- 2:
NCNLN – INTEGERInput
On entry: nN, the number of nonlinear constraints.
- 3:
N – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: n, the number of variables.
- 4:
LDCJ – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array
CJAC.
- 5:
NEEDC(NCNLN) – INTEGER arrayInput
-
On entry: the indices of the elements of
C and/or
CJAC that must be evaluated by
CONFUN. If
NEEDCi>0, the
ith element of
C and/or the available elements of the
ith row of
CJAC (see parameter
MODE) must be evaluated at
x.
- 6:
X(N) – double precision arrayInput
On entry: x, the vector of variables at which the constraint functions and/or the available elements of the constraint Jacobian are to be evaluated.
- 7:
C(NCNLN) – double precision arrayOutput
-
On exit: if
NEEDCi>0 and
MODE = 0 or
2,
Ci must contain the value of the
ith constraint at
x. The remaining elements of
C, corresponding to the non-positive elements of
NEEDC, are ignored.
- 8:
CJAC(LDCJ,N) – double precision arrayInput/Output
On entry: the elements of
CJAC are set to special values which enable E04UCF/E04UCA to detect whether they are changed by
CONFUN.
On exit: if
NEEDCi>0 and
MODE = 1 or
2, the
ith row of
CJAC must contain the available elements of the vector
∇ci given by
where
∂ci
∂xj
is the partial derivative of the
ith constraint with respect to the
jth variable, evaluated at the point
x. See also the parameter
NSTATE. The remaining rows of
CJAC, corresponding to non-positive elements of
NEEDC, are ignored.
If all elements of the constraint Jacobian are known (i.e.,
Derivative Level=2 or 3), any constant elements may be assigned to
CJAC one time only at the start of the optimization. An element of
CJAC that is not subsequently assigned in the user-supplied (sub)program
CONFUN will retain its initial value throughout. Constant elements may be loaded into
CJAC either before the call to E04UCF/E04UCA or during the first call to
CONFUN (signalled by the value
NSTATE=1). The ability to preload constants is useful when many Jacobian elements are identically zero, in which case
CJAC may be initialized to zero and non-zero elements may be reset by
CONFUN.
Note that constant non-zero elements do affect the values of the constraints. Thus, if
CJACij is set to a constant value, it need not be reset in subsequent calls to
CONFUN, but the value
CJACij×Xj must nonetheless be added to
Ci. For example, if
CJAC11=2 and
CJAC12=-5 then the term
2×X1-5×X2 must be included in the definition of
C1.
It must be emphasised that, if
Derivative Level=0 or 1, unassigned elements of
CJAC are not treated as constant; they are estimated by finite differences, at non-trivial expense. If you do not supply a value for the optional parameter
Difference Interval, an interval for each element of
x is computed automatically at the start of the optimization. The automatic procedure can usually identify constant elements of
CJAC, which are then computed once only by finite differences.
- 9:
NSTATE – INTEGERInput
On entry: if
NSTATE=1 then E04UCF/E04UCA is calling
CONFUN for the first time. This parameter setting allows you to save computation time if certain data must be read or calculated only once.
- 10:
IUSER(*) – INTEGER arrayUser Workspace
- 11:
RUSER(*) – double precision arrayUser Workspace
-
CONFUN is called from E04UCF/E04UCA with the parameters
IUSER and
RUSER as supplied to E04UCF/E04UCA. You are free to use the arrays
IUSER and
RUSER to supply information to
CONFUN as an alternative to using COMMON.
CONFUN
must be declared as EXTERNAL in the (sub)program from which E04UCF/E04UCA is called. Parameters denoted as
Input must
not be changed by this procedure.
CONFUN should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with E04UCF/E04UCA. See also the description of the optional parameter
Verify.
- 11:
OBJFUN – SUBROUTINE, supplied by the user.External Procedure
OBJFUN must calculate the objective function
Fx and (optionally) its gradient
gx=
∂F
∂x
for a specified
n element of vector
x.
Its specification is:
| SUBROUTINE OBJFUN ( | MODE, N, X, OBJF, OBJGRD, NSTATE, IUSER, RUSER) |
| INTEGER | MODE, N, NSTATE, IUSER(*) |
| double precision | X(N), OBJF, OBJGRD(N), RUSER(*) |
- 1:
MODE – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: indicates which values must be assigned during each call of
OBJFUN. Only the following values need be assigned:
- MODE=0
- OBJF.
- MODE=1
- All available elements of OBJGRD.
- MODE=2
- OBJF and all available elements of OBJGRD.
On exit: may be set to a negative value if you wish to terminate the solution to the current problem. In this case E04UCF/E04UCA will terminate with
IFAIL set to
MODE.
- 2:
N – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: n, the number of variables.
- 3:
X(N) – double precision arrayInput
On entry: x, the vector of variables at which the objective function and/or all available elements of its gradient are to be evaluated.
- 4:
OBJF – double precisionOutput
On exit: if
MODE = 0 or
2,
OBJF must be set to the value of the objective function at
x.
- 5:
OBJGRD(N) – double precision arrayInput/Output
On entry: the elements of
OBJGRD are set to special values which enable E04UCF/E04UCA to detect whether they are changed by
OBJFUN.
On exit: if
MODE = 1 or
2,
OBJGRD must return the available elements of the gradient evaluated at
x.
- 6:
NSTATE – INTEGERInput
On entry: if
NSTATE=1 then E04UCF/E04UCA is calling
OBJFUN for the first time. This parameter setting allows you to save computation time if certain data must be read or calculated only once.
- 7:
IUSER(*) – INTEGER arrayUser Workspace
- 8:
RUSER(*) – double precision arrayUser Workspace
-
OBJFUN is called from E04UCF/E04UCA with the parameters
IUSER and
RUSER as supplied to E04UCF/E04UCA. You are free to use the arrays
IUSER and
RUSER to supply information to
OBJFUN as an alternative to using COMMON.
OBJFUN
must be declared as EXTERNAL in the (sub)program from which E04UCF/E04UCA is called. Parameters denoted as
Input must
not be changed by this procedure.
OBJFUN should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with E04UCF/E04UCA. See also the description of the optional parameter
Verify.
- 12:
ITER – INTEGEROutput
On exit: the number of major iterations performed.
- 13:
ISTATE(N+NCLIN+NCNLN) – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
On entry: need not be set if the (default) optional parameter
Cold Start is used.
If the optional parameter
Warm Start has been chosen, the elements of
ISTATE corresponding to the bounds and linear constraints define the initial working set for the procedure that finds a feasible point for the linear constraints and bounds. The active set at the conclusion of this procedure and the elements of
ISTATE corresponding to nonlinear constraints then define the initial working set for the first QP subproblem. More precisely, the first
n elements of
ISTATE refer to the upper and lower bounds on the variables, the next
nL elements refer to the upper and lower bounds on
ALx, and the next
nN elements refer to the upper and lower bounds on
cx. Possible values for
ISTATEj are as follows:
| ISTATEj |
Meaning |
| 0 |
The corresponding constraint is not in the initial QP working set. |
| 1 |
This inequality constraint should be in the working set at its lower bound. |
| 2 |
This inequality constraint should be in the working set at its upper bound. |
| 3 |
This equality constraint should be in the initial working set. This value must not be specified unless BLj=BUj. |
The values
-2,
-1 and 4 are also acceptable but will be modified by the routine. If E04UCF/E04UCA has been called previously with the same values of
N,
NCLIN and
NCNLN,
ISTATE already contains satisfactory information. The routine also adjusts (if necessary) the values supplied in
X to be consistent with
ISTATE.
Constraint:
-2≤ISTATEj≤4, for j=1,2,…,N+NCLIN+NCNLN.
On exit: the status of the constraints in the QP working set at the point returned in
X. The significance of each possible value of
ISTATEj is as follows:
| ISTATEj |
Meaning |
| -2 |
This constraint violates its lower bound by more than the appropriate feasibility tolerance (see the optional parameters Linear Feasibility Tolerance and Nonlinear Feasibility Tolerance). This value can occur only when no feasible point can be found for a QP subproblem. |
| -1 |
This constraint violates its upper bound by more than the appropriate feasibility tolerance (see the optional parameters Linear Feasibility Tolerance and Nonlinear Feasibility Tolerance). This value can occur only when no feasible point can be found for a QP subproblem. |
| -0 |
The constraint is satisfied to within the feasibility tolerance, but is not in the QP working set. |
| -1 |
This inequality constraint is included in the QP working set at its lower bound. |
| -2 |
This inequality constraint is included in the QP working set at its upper bound. |
| -3 |
This constraint is included in the QP working set as an equality. This value of ISTATE can occur only when BLj=BUj. |
- 14:
C(*) – double precision arrayOutput
Note: the dimension of the array
C must be at least
max1,NCNLN.
On exit: if
NCNLN>0,
Ci contains the value of the
ith nonlinear constraint function
ci at the final iterate, for
i=1,2,…,NCNLN.
If
NCNLN=0, the array
C is not referenced.
- 15:
CJAC(LDCJ,*) – double precision arrayInput/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array
CJAC must be at least
N if
NCNLN>0 and at least
1 otherwise.
On entry: in general,
CJAC need not be initialized before the call to E04UCF/E04UCA. However, if
Derivative Level=3, you may optionally set the constant elements of
CJAC (see parameter
NSTATE in the description of the user-supplied (sub)program
CONFUN). Such constant elements need not be re-assigned on subsequent calls to
CONFUN.
On exit: if
NCNLN>0,
CJAC contains the Jacobian matrix of the nonlinear constraint functions at the final iterate, i.e.,
CJACij contains the partial derivative of the
ith constraint function with respect to the
jth variable, for
i=1,2,…,NCNLN;
j=1,2,…,N. (See the discussion of parameter
CJAC under
CONFUN.)
If
NCNLN=0, the array
CJAC is not referenced.
- 16:
CLAMDA(N+NCLIN+NCNLN) – double precision arrayInput/Output
On entry: need not be set if the (default) optional parameter
Cold Start is used.
If the optional parameter
Warm Start has been chosen,
CLAMDAj must contain a multiplier estimate for each nonlinear constraint with a sign that matches the status of the constraint specified by the
ISTATE array, for
j=N+NCLIN+1,N+NCLIN+2,…, N+NCLIN+NCNLN. The remaining elements need not be set. Note that if the
jth constraint is defined as ‘inactive’ by the initial value of the
ISTATE array (i.e.,
ISTATEj=0),
CLAMDAj should be zero; if the
jth constraint is an inequality active at its lower bound (i.e.,
ISTATEj=1),
CLAMDAj should be non-negative; if the
jth constraint is an inequality active at its upper bound (i.e.,
ISTATEj=2),
CLAMDAj should be non-positive. If necessary, the routine will modify
CLAMDA to match these rules.
On exit: the values of the QP multipliers from the last QP subproblem. CLAMDAj should be non-negative if ISTATEj=1 and non-positive if ISTATEj=2.
- 17:
OBJF – double precisionOutput
On exit: the value of the objective function at the final iterate.
- 18:
OBJGRD(N) – double precision arrayOutput
On exit: the gradient of the objective function at the final iterate (or its finite difference approximation).
- 19:
R(LDR,N) – double precision arrayInput/Output
On entry: need not be initialized if the (default) optional parameter
Cold Start is used.
If the optional parameter
Warm Start has been chosen,
R must contain the upper triangular Cholesky factor
R of the initial approximation of the Hessian of the Lagrangian function, with the variables in the natural order. Elements not in the upper triangular part of
R are assumed to be zero and need not be assigned.
On exit: if
Hessian=No,
R contains the upper triangular Cholesky factor
R of
QTH˜Q, an estimate of the transformed and reordered Hessian of the Lagrangian at
x (see (
6) in Section
10.1). If
Hessian=Yes,
R contains the upper triangular Cholesky factor
R of
H, the approximate (untransformed) Hessian of the Lagrangian, with the variables in the natural order.
- 20:
X(N) – double precision arrayInput/Output
On entry: an initial estimate of the solution.
On exit: the final estimate of the solution.
- 21:
IWORK(LIWORK) – INTEGER arrayWorkspace
- 22:
LIWORK – INTEGERInput
On entry: the dimension of the array
IWORK as declared in the (sub)program from which E04UCF/E04UCA is called.
Constraint:
LIWORK≥3×N+NCLIN+2×NCNLN.
- 23:
WORK(LWORK) – double precision arrayWorkspace
- 24:
LWORK – INTEGERInput
On entry: the dimension of the array
WORK as declared in the (sub)program from which E04UCF/E04UCA is called.
Constraints:
- if NCNLN=0 and NCLIN=0, LWORK≥20×N;
- if NCNLN=0 and NCLIN>0, LWORK≥2×N2+20×N+11×NCLIN;
- if NCNLN>0 and NCLIN≥0, LWORK≥2×N2+N×NCLIN+2×N× NCNLN+20×N+11×NCLIN+21×NCNLN.
The amounts of workspace provided and required are (by default) output on the current advisory message unit (as defined by
X04ABF). As an alternative to computing
LIWORK and
LWORK from the formulas given above, you may prefer to obtain appropriate values from the output of a preliminary run with
LIWORK and
LWORK set to 1. (E04UCF/E04UCA will then terminate with
IFAIL =9.)
- 25:
IUSER(*) – INTEGER arrayUser Workspace
Note: the dimension of the array
IUSER must be at least
1.
IUSER is not used by E04UCF/E04UCA, but is passed directly to user-supplied (sub)programs
CONFUN and
OBJFUN and may be used to pass information to those routines.
- 26:
RUSER(*) – double precision arrayUser Workspace
Note: the dimension of the array
RUSER must be at least
1.
RUSER is not used by E04UCF/E04UCA, but is passed directly to user-supplied (sub)programs
CONFUN and
OBJFUN and may be used to pass information to those routines.
- 27:
IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
Note: for E04UCA, IFAIL does not occur in this position in the parameter list. See the additional parameters described below.
On initial entry:
IFAIL must be set to 0,
-1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Chapter
P01 for details.
On final exit:
IFAIL =0 unless the routine detects an error (see Section
6).
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
-1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output parameters may be useful even if
IFAIL ≠0 on exit, the recommended value is
-1.
When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit. E04UCF/E04UCA returns with
IFAIL =0 if the iterates have converged to a point
x that satisfies the first-order Kuhn–Tucker (see Section
10.1) conditions to the accuracy requested by the optional parameter
Optimality Tolerance (
default value=εR0.8, where
εR is the value of the optional parameter
Function Precision (
default value=ε0.9, where
ε is the
machine precision)), i.e., the projected gradient and active constraint residuals are negligible at
x.
You should check whether the following four conditions are satisfied:
- the final value of Norm Gz (see Section 8.1) is significantly less than that at the starting point;
- during the final major iterations, the values of Step and Mnr (see Section 8.1) are both one;
- the last few values of both Norm Gz and Violtn (see Section 8.1) become small at a fast linear rate; and
- Cond Hz (see Section 8.1) is small.
If all these conditions hold,
x is almost certainly a local minimum of (
1).
- Note: the following are additional parameters for specific use with E04UCA. Users of E04UCF therefore need not read the remainder of this description.
- 27:
LWSAV(120) – LOGICAL arrayCommunication Array
- 28:
IWSAV(610) – INTEGER arrayCommunication Array
- 29:
RWSAV(475) – double precision arrayCommunication Array
The arrays
LWSAV,
IWSAV and
RWSAV must not be altered between calls to any of the routines
E04WBF, E04UCA,
E04UDA or
E04UEA.
- 30:
IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
Note: see the parameter description for
IFAIL above.
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
IFAIL = 0 or
−1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
- IFAIL < 0
-
A negative value of
IFAIL indicates an exit from E04UCF/E04UCA because you set
MODE<0 in the user-supplied (sub)program
OBJFUN or
CONFUN. The value of
IFAIL will be the same as your setting of
MODE.
- IFAIL = 1
-
The final iterate
x satisfies the first-order Kuhn–Tucker conditions (see Section
10.1) to the accuracy requested, but the sequence of iterates has not yet converged. E04UCF/E04UCA was terminated because no further improvement could be made in the merit function (see Section
8.1).
This value of
IFAIL may occur in several circumstances. The most common situation is that you ask for a solution with accuracy that is not attainable with the given precision of the problem (as specified by the optional parameter
Function Precision (
default value=ε0.9, where
ε is the
machine precision)). This condition will also occur if, by chance, an iterate is an ‘exact’ Kuhn–Tucker point, but the change in the variables was significant at the previous iteration. (This situation often happens when minimizing very simple functions, such as quadratics.)
If the four conditions listed in Section
5 for
IFAIL =0 are satisfied,
x is likely to be a solution of (
1) even if
IFAIL =1.
- IFAIL = 2
-
E04UCF/E04UCA has terminated without finding a feasible point for the linear constraints and bounds, which means that either no feasible point exists for the given value of the optional parameter
Linear Feasibility Tolerance (
default value=ε, where
ε is the
machine precision), or no feasible point could be found in the number of iterations specified by the optional parameter
Minor Iteration Limit (
default value=max50,3n+nL+nN). You should check that there are no constraint redundancies. If the data for the constraints are accurate only to an absolute precision
σ, you should ensure that the value of the optional parameter
Linear Feasibility Tolerance is greater than
σ. For example, if all elements of
AL are of order unity and are accurate to only three decimal places,
Linear Feasibility Tolerance should be at least
10-3.
- IFAIL = 3
-
No feasible point could be found for the nonlinear constraints. The problem may have no feasible solution. This means that there has been a sequence of QP subproblems for which no feasible point could be found (indicated by
I at the end of each line of intermediate printout produced by the major iterations; see Section
8.1). This behaviour will occur if there is no feasible point for the nonlinear constraints. (However, there is no general test that can determine whether a feasible point exists for a set of nonlinear constraints.) If the infeasible subproblems occur from the very first major iteration, it is highly likely that no feasible point exists. If infeasibilities occur when earlier subproblems have been feasible, small constraint inconsistencies may be present. You should check the validity of constraints with negative values of
ISTATE. If you are convinced that a feasible point does exist, E04UCF/E04UCA should be restarted at a different starting point.
- IFAIL = 4
-
The limiting number of iterations (as determined by the optional parameter
Major Iteration Limit (
default value=max50,3n+nL+10nN)) has been reached.
If the algorithm appears to be making satisfactory progress, then
Major Iteration Limit may be too small. If so, either increase its value and rerun E04UCF/E04UCA or, alternatively, rerun E04UCF/E04UCA using the optional parameter
Warm Start. If the algorithm seems to be making little or no progress however, then you should check for incorrect gradients or ill-conditioning as described under
IFAIL =6.
Note that ill-conditioning in the working set is sometimes resolved automatically by the algorithm, in which case performing additional iterations may be helpful. However, ill-conditioning in the Hessian approximation tends to persist once it has begun, so that allowing additional iterations without altering
R is usually inadvisable. If the quasi-Newton update of the Hessian approximation was reset during the latter major iterations (i.e., an
R occurs at the end of each line of intermediate printout; see Section
8.1), it may be worthwhile to try a
Warm Start at the final point as suggested above.
- IFAIL = 5
Not used by this routine.
- IFAIL = 6
-
x does not satisfy the first-order Kuhn–Tucker conditions (see Section
10.1) and no improved point for the merit function (see Section
8.1) could be found during the final line search.
This sometimes occurs because an overly stringent accuracy has been requested, i.e., the value of the optional parameter
Optimality Tolerance (
default value=εR0.8, where
εR is the value of the optional parameter
Function Precision (
default value=ε0.9, where
ε is the
machine precision)) is too small. In this case you should apply the four tests described under
IFAIL =0 to determine whether or not the final solution is acceptable (see
Gill et al. (1981), for a discussion of the attainable accuracy).
If many iterations have occurred in which essentially no progress has been made and E04UCF/E04UCA has failed completely to move from the initial point then (sub)programs
OBJFUN and/or
CONFUN may be incorrect. You should refer to comments under
IFAIL =7 and check the gradients using the optional parameter
Verify (
default value=0). Unfortunately, there may be small errors in the objective and constraint gradients that cannot be detected by the verification process. Finite difference approximations to first derivatives are catastrophically affected by even small inaccuracies. An indication of this situation is a dramatic alteration in the iterates if the finite difference interval is altered. One might also suspect this type of error if a switch is made to central differences even when
Norm Gz and
Violtn (see Section
8.1) are large.
Another possibility is that the search direction has become inaccurate because of ill-conditioning in the Hessian approximation or the matrix of constraints in the working set; either form of ill-conditioning tends to be reflected in large values of
Mnr (the number of iterations required to solve each QP subproblem; see Section
8.1).
If the condition estimate of the projected Hessian (
Cond Hz; see Section
8.1) is extremely large, it may be worthwhile rerunning E04UCF/E04UCA from the final point with the optional parameter
Warm Start. In this situation,
ISTATE and
CLAMDA should be left unaltered and
R should be reset to the identity matrix.
If the matrix of constraints in the working set is ill-conditioned (i.e.,
Cond T is extremely large; see Section
12), it may be helpful to run E04UCF/E04UCA with a relaxed value of the
Feasibility Tolerance (
default value=ε, where
ε is the
machine precision). (Constraint dependencies are often indicated by wide variations in size in the diagonal elements of the matrix
T, whose diagonals will be printed if
Major Print Level≥30).
- IFAIL = 7
-
The user-supplied derivatives of the objective function and/or nonlinear constraints appear to be incorrect.
Large errors were found in the derivatives of the objective function and/or nonlinear constraints. This value of
IFAIL will occur if the verification process indicated that at least one gradient or Jacobian element had no correct figures. You should refer to the printed output to determine which elements are suspected to be in error.
As a first-step, you should check that the code for the objective and constraint values is correct – for example, by computing the function at a point where the correct value is known. However, care should be taken that the chosen point fully tests the evaluation of the function. It is remarkable how often the values x=0 or x=1 are used to test function evaluation procedures, and how often the special properties of these numbers make the test meaningless.
Special care should be used in this test if computation of the objective function involves subsidiary data communicated in COMMON storage. Although the first evaluation of the function may be correct, subsequent calculations may be in error because some of the subsidiary data has accidentally been overwritten.
Gradient checking will be ineffective if the objective function uses information computed by the constraints, since they are not necessarily computed prior to each function evaluation.
Errors in programming the function may be quite subtle in that the function value is ‘almost’ correct. For example, the function may not be accurate to full precision because of the inaccurate calculation of a subsidiary quantity, or the limited accuracy of data upon which the function depends. A common error on machines where numerical calculations are usually performed in double precision is to include even one single precision constant in the calculation of the function; since some compilers do not convert such constants to double precision, half the correct figures may be lost by such a seemingly trivial error.
- IFAIL = 8
-
Not used by this routine.
- IFAIL = 9
-
An input parameter is invalid.
- IFAIL = overflow
If the printed output before the overflow error contains a warning about serious ill-conditioning in the working set when adding the
jth constraint, it may be possible to avoid the difficulty by increasing the magnitude of the optional parameter
Linear Feasibility Tolerance and/or the optional parameter
Nonlinear Feasibility Tolerance and rerunning the program. If the message recurs even after this change then the offending linearly dependent constraint (with index ‘
j’) must be removed from the problem. If overflow occurs in one of the user-supplied (sub)programs (e.g., if the nonlinear functions involve exponentials or singularities), it may help to specify tighter bounds for some of the variables (i.e., reduce the gap between the appropriate
lj and
uj).
7 Accuracy
If
IFAIL =0 on exit, then the vector returned in the array
X is an estimate of the solution to an accuracy of approximately
Optimality Tolerance (
default value=ε0.8, where
ε is the
machine precision).
8 Further Comments
8.1 Description of the Printed Output
This section describes the intermediate printout and final printout produced by E04UCF/E04UCA. The intermediate printout is a subset of the monitoring information produced by the routine at every iteration (see Section
12). The level of printed output can be controlled by you (see the description of the optional parameter
Major Print Level). Note that the intermediate printout and final printout are produced only if
Major Print Level≥10 (the default for E04UCF, by default no output is produced by E04UCA).
The following line of summary output (<80 characters) is produced at every major iteration. In all cases, the values of the quantities printed are those in effect on completion of the given iteration.
| Maj |
is the major iteration count.
|
| Mnr |
is the number of minor iterations required by the feasibility and optimality phases of the QP subproblem. Generally, Mnr will be 1 in the later iterations, since theoretical analysis predicts that the correct active set will be identified near the solution
(see Section 10).
Note that Mnr may be greater than the optional parameter Minor Iteration Limit if some iterations are required for the feasibility phase. |
| Step |
is the step αk taken along the computed search direction. On reasonably well-behaved problems, the unit step (i.e., αk=1) will be taken as the solution is approached.
|
| Merit Function |
is the value of the augmented Lagrangian merit function (12) at the current iterate. This function will decrease at each iteration unless it was necessary to increase the penalty parameters
(see Section 10.3).
As the solution is approached, Merit Function will converge to the value of the objective function at the solution.
If the QP subproblem does not have a feasible point (signified by I at the end of the current output line) then the merit function is a large multiple of the constraint violations, weighted by the penalty parameters. During a sequence of major iterations with infeasible subproblems, the sequence of Merit Function values will decrease monotonically until either a feasible subproblem is obtained or E04UCF/E04UCA terminates with IFAIL =3 (no feasible point could be found for the nonlinear constraints).
If there are no nonlinear constraints present (i.e., NCNLN=0) then this entry contains Objective, the value of the objective function Fx. The objective function will decrease monotonically to its optimal value when there are no nonlinear constraints.
|
| Norm Gz |
is ZTgFR, the Euclidean norm of the projected gradient
(see Section 10.2).
Norm Gz will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
|
| Violtn |
is the Euclidean norm of the residuals of constraints that are violated or in the predicted active set (not printed if NCNLN is zero). Violtn will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
|
| Cond Hz |
is a lower bound on the condition number of the projected Hessian approximation
HZ
(
HZ
=
ZT
HFR
Z
=
RZT
RZ
; see (6)). The larger this number, the more difficult the problem.
|
| M |
is printed if the quasi-Newton update has been modified to ensure that the Hessian approximation is positive-definite
(see Section 10.4).
|
| I |
is printed if the QP subproblem has no feasible point.
|
| C |
is printed if central differences have been used to compute the unspecified objective and constraint gradients. If the value of Step is zero then the switch to central differences was made because no lower point could be found in the line search. (In this case, the QP subproblem is resolved with the central difference gradient and Jacobian.) If the value of Step is non-zero then central differences were computed because Norm Gz and Violtn imply that x is close to a Kuhn–Tucker point
(see Section 10.1 of the document for E04UFF/E04UFA).
|
| L |
is printed if the line search has produced a relative change in x greater than the value defined by the optional parameter Step Limit. If this output occurs frequently during later iterations of the run, optional parameter Step Limit should be set to a larger value.
|
| R |
is printed if the approximate Hessian has been refactorized. If the diagonal condition estimator of R indicates that the approximate Hessian is badly conditioned then the approximate Hessian is refactorized using column interchanges. If necessary, R is modified so that its diagonal condition estimator is bounded.
|
The final printout includes a listing of the status of every variable and constraint. The following describes the printout for each variable. A full stop (.) is printed for any numerical value that is zero.
| Varbl |
gives the name (V) and index j, for j=1,2,…,n, of the variable.
|
| State |
gives the state of the variable (FR if neither bound is in the working set, EQ if a fixed variable, LL if on its lower bound, UL if on its upper bound, TF if temporarily fixed at its current value). If Value lies outside the upper or lower bounds by more than the optional parameter Feasibility Tolerance, State will be ++ or -- respectively.
(The latter situation can occur only when there is no feasible point for the bounds and linear constraints.)
A key is sometimes printed before State to give some additional information about the state of a variable.
| A |
Alternative optimum possible. The variable is active at one of its bounds, but its Lagrange-multiplier is essentially zero. This means that if the variable were allowed to start moving away from its bound then there would be no change to the objective function. The values of the other free variables might change, giving a genuine alternative solution. However, if there are any degenerate variables (labelled D), the actual change might prove to be zero, since one of them could encounter a bound immediately. In either case the values of the Lagrange-multipliers might also change.
|
| D |
Degenerate. The variable is free, but it is equal to (or very close to) one of its bounds.
|
| I |
Infeasible. The variable is currently violating one of its bounds by more than the optional parameter Feasibility Tolerance.
|
|
| Value |
is the value of the variable at the final iteration.
|
| Lower Bound |
is the lower bound specified for the variable. None indicates that BLj≤-bigbnd.
|
| Upper Bound |
is the upper bound specified for the variable. None indicates that BUj≥bigbnd.
|
| Lagr Mult |
is the Lagrange-multiplier for the associated bound. This will be zero if State is FR unless BLj≤-bigbnd and BUj≥bigbnd, in which case the entry will be blank. If x is optimal, the multiplier should be non-negative if State is LL and non-positive if State is UL.
|
| Slack |
is the difference between the variable Value and the nearer of its (finite) bounds BLj and BUj. A blank entry indicates that the associated variable is not bounded (i.e., BLj≤-bigbnd and BUj≥bigbnd).
|
The meaning of the printout for linear and nonlinear constraints is the same as that given above for variables, with ‘variable’ replaced by ‘constraint’, BLj and BUj are replaced by BLn+j and BUn+j respectively, and with the following changes in the heading:
| L Con |
gives the name (L) and index j, for j=1,2,…,nL, of the linear constraint.
|
| N Con |
gives the name (N) and index (j-nL), for j=nL+1,nL+2,…,nL+nN, of the nonlinear constraint.
|
Note that movement off a constraint (as opposed to a variable moving away from its bound) can be interpreted as allowing the entry in the Slack column to become positive.
Numerical values are output with a fixed number of digits; they are not guaranteed to be accurate to this precision.
9 Example
This is based on Problem 71 in
Hock and Schittkowski (1981) and involves the minimization of the nonlinear function
subject to the bounds
to the general linear constraint
and to the nonlinear constraints
The initial point, which is infeasible, is
and Fx0=16.
The optimal solution (to five figures) is
and Fx*=17.014. One bound constraint and both nonlinear constraints are active at the solution.
The document for
E04UDF/E04UDA includes an example program to solve the same problem using some of the optional parameters described in Section
11.
9.1 Program Text
Note: the following program illustrates the use of E04UCF. An equivalent program illustrating the use of E04UCA is available with the supplied Library and is also available from the NAG web site.
Program Text (e04ucfe.f)
9.2 Program Data
Program Data (e04ucfe.d)
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (e04ucfe.r)
Note: the remainder of this document is intended for more advanced users. Section 10 contains a detailed description of the algorithm which may be needed in order to understand Sections 11 and 12. Section 11 describes the optional parameters which may be set by calls to E04UDF/E04UDA and/or E04UEF/E04UEA. Section 12 describes the quantities which can be requested to monitor the course of the computation.
10 Algorithmic Details
This section contains a detailed description of the method used by E04UCF/E04UCA.
10.1 Overview
E04UCF/E04UCA is essentially identical to the (sub)program NPSOL described in
Gill et al. (1986c).
At a solution of (
1), some of the constraints will be
active, i.e., satisfied exactly. An active simple bound constraint implies that the corresponding variable is
fixed at its bound, and hence the variables are partitioned into
fixed and
free variables. Let
C denote the
m by
n matrix of gradients of the active general linear and nonlinear constraints. The number of fixed variables will be denoted by
nFX, with
nFR nFR=n-nFX the number of free variables. The subscripts ‘FX’ and ‘FR’ on a vector or matrix will denote the vector or matrix composed of the elements corresponding to fixed or free variables.
A point
x is a
first-order Kuhn–Tucker point for (
1) (see
Powell (1974)) if the following conditions hold:
- x is feasible;
- there exist vectors ξ and λ (the Lagrange-multiplier vectors for the bound and general constraints) such that
where g is the gradient of F evaluated at x, and ξj=0 if the jth variable is free.
- The Lagrange-multiplier corresponding to an inequality constraint active at its lower bound must be non-negative, and non-positive for an inequality constraint active at its upper bound.
Let
Z denote a matrix whose columns form a basis for the set of vectors orthogonal to the rows of
CFR; i.e.,
CFRZ=0. An equivalent statement of the condition (
2) in terms of
Z is
The vector
ZTgFR is termed the
projected gradient of
F at
x. Certain additional conditions must be satisfied in order for a first-order Kuhn–Tucker point to be a solution of (
1) (see
Powell (1974)).
E04UCF/E04UCA implements a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method. For an overview of SQP methods, see, for example,
Fletcher (1987),
Gill et al. (1981) and
Powell (1983).
The basic structure of E04UCF/E04UCA involves
major and
minor iterations. The major iterations generate a sequence of iterates
xk that converge to
x*, a first-order Kuhn–Tucker point of (
1). At a typical major iteration, the new iterate
x- is defined by
where x is the current iterate, the non-negative scalar α is the step length, and p is the search direction. (For simplicity, we shall always consider a typical iteration and avoid reference to the index of the iteration.) Also associated with each major iteration are estimates of the Lagrange-multipliers and a prediction of the active set.
The search direction
p in (
3) is the solution of a quadratic programming subproblem of the form
where
g is the gradient of
F at
x, the matrix
H is a positive-definite quasi-Newton approximation to the Hessian of the Lagrangian function (see Section
10.4), and
AN is the Jacobian matrix of
c evaluated at
x. (Finite difference estimates may be used for
g and
AN; see the optional parameter
Derivative Level.) Let
l in (
1) be partitioned into three sections:
lB,
lL and
lN, corresponding to the bound, linear and nonlinear constraints. The vector
l- in (
4) is similarly partitioned, and is defined as
where c is the vector of nonlinear constraints evaluated at x. The vector u- is defined in an analogous fashion.
The estimated Lagrange-multipliers at each major iteration are the Lagrange-multipliers from the subproblem (
4) (and similarly for the predicted active set). (The numbers of bounds, general linear and nonlinear constraints in the QP active set are the quantities
Bnd,
Lin and
Nln in the monitoring file output of E04UCF/E04UCA; see Section
12.) In E04UCF/E04UCA, (
4) is solved using
E04NCF/E04NCA. Since solving a quadratic program is itself an iterative procedure, the
minor iterations of E04UCF/E04UCA are the iterations of
E04NCF/E04NCA. (More details about solving the subproblem are given in Section
10.2.)
Certain matrices associated with the QP subproblem are relevant in the major iterations. Let the subscripts ‘FX’ and ‘FR’ refer to the predicted fixed and free variables, and let C denote the m by n matrix of gradients of the general linear and nonlinear constraints in the predicted active set. First, we have available the TQ factorization of CFR:
where
T is a non-singular
m by
m reverse-triangular matrix (i.e.,
tij=0 if
i+j<m), and the non-singular
nFR by
nFR matrix
QFR is the product of orthogonal transformations (see
Gill et al. (1984)). Second, we have the upper triangular Cholesky factor
R of the
transformed and reordered Hessian matrix
where H˜ is the Hessian H with rows and columns permuted so that the free variables are first, and Q is the n by n matrix
with IFX the identity matrix of order nFX. If the columns of QFR are partitioned so that
the
nZ (
nZ≡nFR-m) columns of
Z form a basis for the null space of
CFR. The matrix
Z is used to compute the projected gradient
ZTgFR at the current iterate. (The values
Nz and
Norm Gz printed by E04UCF/E04UCA give
nZ and
ZTgFR; see Section
12.)
A theoretical characteristic of SQP methods is that the predicted active set from the QP subproblem (
4) is identical to the correct active set in a neighbourhood of
x*. In E04UCF/E04UCA, this feature is exploited by using the QP active set from the previous iteration as a prediction of the active set for the next QP subproblem, which leads in practice to optimality of the subproblems in only one iteration as the solution is approached. Separate treatment of bound and linear constraints in E04UCF/E04UCA also saves computation in factorizing
CFR and
HQ.
Once
p has been computed, the major iteration proceeds by determining a step length
α that produces a ‘sufficient decrease’ in an augmented Lagrangian
merit function (see Section
10.3). Finally, the approximation to the transformed Hessian matrix
HQ is updated using a modified BFGS quasi-Newton update (see Section
10.4) to incorporate new curvature information obtained in the move from
x to
x-.
On entry to E04UCF/E04UCA, an iterative procedure from
E04NCF/E04NCA is executed, starting with the user-supplied initial point, to find a point that is feasible with respect to the bounds and linear constraints (using the tolerance specified by optional parameter
Linear Feasibility Tolerance). If no feasible point exists for the bound and linear constraints, (
1) has no solution and E04UCF/E04UCA terminates. Otherwise, the problem functions will thereafter be evaluated only at points that are feasible with respect to the bounds and linear constraints. The only exception involves variables whose bounds differ by an amount comparable to the finite difference interval (see the discussion of optional parameter
Difference Interval). In contrast to the bounds and linear constraints, it must be emphasised that
the nonlinear constraints will not generally be satisfied until an optimal point is reached.
Facilities are provided to check whether the user-supplied gradients appear to be correct (see the description of the optional parameter
Verify). In general, the check is provided at the first point that is feasible with respect to the linear constraints and bounds. However, you may request that the check be performed at the initial point.
In summary, the method of E04UCF/E04UCA first determines a point that satisfies the bound and linear constraints. Thereafter, each iteration includes:
- the solution of a quadratic programming subproblem;
- a line search with an augmented Lagrangian merit function; and
- a quasi-Newton update of the approximate Hessian of the Lagrangian function.
These three procedures are described in more detail in Sections
10.2 to
10.4.
10.2 Solution of the Quadratic Programming Subproblem
The search direction
p is obtained by solving (
4) using
E04NCF/E04NCA (see
Gill et al. (1986a)), which was specifically designed to be used within an SQP algorithm for nonlinear programming.
E04NCF/E04NCA is based on a two-phase (primal) quadratic programming method. The two phases of the method are: finding an initial feasible point by minimizing the sum of infeasibilities (the
feasibility phase), and minimizing the quadratic objective function within the feasible region (the
optimality phase). The computations in both phases are performed by the same (sub)programs. The two-phase nature of the algorithm is reflected by changing the function being minimized from the sum of infeasibilities to the quadratic objective function.
In general, a quadratic program must be solved by iteration. Let
p denote the current estimate of the solution of (
4); the new iterate
p- is defined by
where, as in (
3),
σ is a non-negative step length and
d is a search direction.
At the beginning of each iteration of
E04NCF/E04NCA, a
working set is defined of constraints (general and bound) that are satisfied exactly. The vector
d is then constructed so that the values of constraints in the working set remain
unaltered for any move along
d. For a bound constraint in the working set, this property is achieved by setting the corresponding element of
d to zero, i.e., by fixing the variable at its bound. As before, the subscripts ‘FX’ and ‘FR’ denote selection of the elements associated with the fixed and free variables.
Let C denote the sub-matrix of rows of
corresponding to general constraints in the working set. The general constraints in the working set will remain unaltered if
which is equivalent to defining dFR as
for some vector
dZ, where
Z is the matrix associated with the
TQ factorization (
5) of
CFR.
The definition of
dZ in (
10) depends on whether the current
p is feasible. If not,
dZ is zero except for an element
γ in the
jth position, where
j and
γ are chosen so that the sum of infeasibilities is decreasing along
d. (For further details, see
Gill et al. (1986a).) In the feasible case,
dZ satisfies the equations
where
RZ is the Cholesky factor of
ZTHFRZ and
q is the gradient of the quadratic objective function
q=g+Hp. (The vector
ZTqFR is the projected gradient of the QP.) With (
11),
p+d is the minimizer of the quadratic objective function subject to treating the constraints in the working set as equalities.
If the QP projected gradient is zero, the current point is a constrained stationary point in the subspace defined by the working set. During the feasibility phase, the projected gradient will usually be zero only at a vertex (although it may vanish at non-vertices in the presence of constraint dependencies). During the optimality phase, a zero projected gradient implies that p minimizes the quadratic objective function when the constraints in the working set are treated as equalities. In either case, Lagrange-multipliers are computed. Given a positive constant δ of the order of the machine precision, the Lagrange-multiplier μj corresponding to an inequality constraint in the working set is said to be optimal if μj≤δ when the jth constraint is at its upper bound, or if μj≥-δ when the associated constraint is at its lower bound. If any multiplier is non-optimal, the current objective function (either the true objective or the sum of infeasibilities) can be reduced by deleting the corresponding constraint from the working set.
If optimal multipliers occur during the feasibility phase and the sum of infeasibilities is non-zero, no feasible point exists. The QP algorithm will then continue iterating to determine the minimum sum of infeasibilities. At this point, the Lagrange-multiplier μj will satisfy -1+δ≤μj≤δ for an inequality constraint at its upper bound, and -δ≤μj≤1+δ for an inequality at its lower bound. The Lagrange-multiplier for an equality constraint will satisfy μj≤1+δ.
The choice of step length
σ in the QP iteration (
8) is based on remaining feasible with respect to the satisfied constraints. During the optimality phase, if
p+d is feasible,
σ will be taken as unity. (In this case, the projected gradient at
p- will be zero.) Otherwise,
σ is set to
σM, the step to the ‘nearest’ constraint, which is added to the working set at the next iteration.
Each change in the working set leads to a simple change to CFR: if the status of a general constraint changes, a row of CFR is altered; if a bound constraint enters or leaves the working set, a column of CFR changes. Explicit representations are recurred of the matrices T, QFR and R, and of the vectors QTq and QTg.
10.3 The Merit Function
After computing the search direction as described in Section
10.2, each major iteration proceeds by determining a step length
α in (
3) that produces a ‘sufficient decrease’ in the augmented Lagrangian merit function
where
x,
λ and
s vary during the line search. The summation terms in (
12) involve only the
nonlinear constraints. The vector
λ is an estimate of the Lagrange-multipliers for the nonlinear constraints of (
1). The non-negative
slack variables
si allow nonlinear inequality constraints to be treated without introducing discontinuities. The solution of the QP subproblem (
4) provides a vector triple that serves as a direction of search for the three sets of variables. The non-negative vector
ρ of
penalty parameters is initialized to zero at the beginning of the first major iteration. Thereafter, selected elements are increased whenever necessary to ensure descent for the merit function. Thus, the sequence of norms of
ρ (the printed quantity
Penalty; see Section
12) is generally non-decreasing, although each
ρi may be reduced a limited number of times.
The merit function (
12) and its global convergence properties are described in
Gill et al. (1986b).
10.4 The Quasi-Newton Update
The matrix
H in (
4) is a
positive-definite quasi-Newton approximation to the Hessian of the Lagrangian function. (For a review of quasi-Newton methods, see
Dennis and Schnabel (1983).) At the end of each major iteration, a new Hessian approximation
H- is defined as a rank-two modification of
H. In E04UCF/E04UCA, the BFGS (Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno) quasi-Newton update is used:
where s=x--x (the change in x).
In E04UCF/E04UCA,
H is required to be positive-definite. If
H is positive-definite,
H- defined by (
13) will be positive-definite if and only if
yTs is positive (see
Dennis and Moré (1977)). Ideally,
y in (
13) would be taken as
yL, the change in gradient of the Lagrangian function
where μN denotes the QP multipliers associated with the nonlinear constraints of the original problem. If
yLT
s
is not sufficiently positive, an attempt is made to perform the update with a vector y of the form
where ωi≥0. If no such vector can be found, the update is performed with a scaled yL; in this case, M is printed to indicate that the update was modified.
Rather than modifying
H itself, the Cholesky factor of the
transformed Hessian
HQ (
6) is updated, where
Q is the matrix from (
5) associated with the active set of the QP subproblem. The update (
13) is equivalent to the following update to
HQ:
where
yQ=QTy, and
sQ=QTs. This update may be expressed as a
rank-one update to
R (see
Dennis and Schnabel (1981)).
11 Optional Parameters
Several optional parameters in E04UCF/E04UCA define choices in the problem specification or the algorithm logic. In order to reduce the number of formal parameters of E04UCF/E04UCA these optional parameters have associated default values that are appropriate for most problems. Therefore you need only specify those optional parameters whose values are to be different from their default values.
The remainder of this section can be skipped if you wish to use the default values for all optional parameters. A complete list of optional parameters and their default values is given in Section
11.1.
Optional parameters may be specified by calling one, or both, of
E04UDF/E04UDA and
E04UEF/E04UEA prior to a call to E04UCF/E04UCA.
E04UDF/E04UDA reads options from an external options file, with
Begin and
End as the first and last lines respectively and each intermediate line defining a single optional parameter. For example,
Begin
Print level = 1
End
The call
CALL E04UDF (IOPTNS, INFORM)
can then be used to read the file on unit
IOPTNS.
INFORM will be zero on successful exit.
E04UDF/E04UDA should be consulted for a full description of this method of supplying optional parameters.
E04UEF/E04UEA can be called to supply options directly, one call being necessary for each optional parameter. For example,
CALL E04UEF ('Print Level = 1')
E04UEF/E04UEA should be consulted for a full description of this method of supplying optional parameters.
All optional parameters not specified by you are set to their default values. Optional parameters specified by you are unaltered by E04UCF/E04UCA (unless they define invalid values) and so remain in effect for subsequent calls to E04UCF/E04UCA, unless altered by you.
11.1 Optional Parameter Checklist and Default Values
The following list gives the valid options. For each option, we give the keyword, any essential optional qualifiers and the default value. A definition for each option can be found in Section
11.2. The minimum abbreviation of each keyword is underlined. If no characters of an optional qualifier are underlined, the qualifier may be omitted. The letter
a denotes a phrase (character string) that qualifies an option. The letters
i and
r denote INTEGER and
double precision values required with certain options. The number
ε is a generic notation for
machine precision (see
X02AJF), and
εR denotes the relative precision of the objective function (see optional parameter
Function Precision).
11.2 Description of the Optional Parameters
| Central Difference Interval | r | Default values are computed |
If the algorithm switches to central differences because the forward-difference approximation is not sufficiently accurate, the value of
r is used as the difference interval for every element of
x. The switch to central differences is indicated by
C at the end of each line of intermediate printout produced by the major iterations (see Section
8.1). The use of finite differences is discussed further under the optional parameter
Difference Interval.
| Cold Start | | Default =Cold Start |
This option controls the specification of the initial working set in both the procedure for finding a feasible point for the linear constraints and bounds and in the first QP subproblem thereafter. With a
Cold Start, the first working set is chosen by E04UCF/E04UCA based on the values of the variables and constraints at the initial point. Broadly speaking, the initial working set will include equality constraints and bounds or inequality constraints that violate or ‘nearly’ satisfy their bounds (to within
Crash Tolerance).
With a
Warm Start, you must set the
ISTATE array and define
CLAMDA and
R as discussed in Section
5.
ISTATE values associated with bounds and linear constraints determine the initial working set of the procedure to find a feasible point with respect to the bounds and linear constraints.
ISTATE values associated with nonlinear constraints determine the initial working set of the first QP subproblem after such a feasible point has been found. E04UCF/E04UCA will override your specification of
ISTATE if necessary, so that a poor choice of the working set will not cause a fatal error. For instance, any elements of
ISTATE which are set to
-2,
-1 or 4 will be reset to zero, as will any elements which are set to 3 when the corresponding elements of
BL and
BU are not equal. A warm start will be advantageous if a good estimate of the initial working set is available – for example, when E04UCF/E04UCA is called repeatedly to solve related problems.
| Crash Tolerance | r | Default =0.01 |
This value is used in conjunction with the optional parameter
Cold Start (the default value) when E04UCF/E04UCA selects an initial working set. If
0≤r≤1, the initial working set will include (if possible) bounds or general inequality constraints that lie within
r of their bounds. In particular, a constraint of the form
ajT
x≥l
will be included in the initial working set if
ajT
x-l
≤
r
1+l
. If
r<0 or
r>1, the default value is used.
This special keyword may be used to reset all optional parameters to their default values.
| Derivative Level | | Default =3 |
This parameter indicates which derivatives are provided by you in (sub)programs
OBJFUN and
CONFUN. The possible choices for
i are the following.
| i |
Meaning |
| 3 |
All elements of the objective gradient and the constraint Jacobian are provided. |
| 2 |
All elements of the constraint Jacobian are provided, but some elements of the objective gradient are not specified. |
| 1 |
All elements of the objective gradient are provided, but some elements of the constraint Jacobian are not specified. |
| 0 |
Some elements of both the objective gradient and the constraint Jacobian are not specified. |
The value i=3 should be used whenever possible, since E04UCF/E04UCA is more reliable (and will usually be more efficient) when all derivatives are exact.
If
i=0 or 2, E04UCF/E04UCA will estimate the unspecified elements of the objective gradient, using finite differences. The computation of finite difference approximations usually increases the total run-time, since a call to
OBJFUN is required for each unspecified element. Furthermore, less accuracy can be attained in the solution (see Chapter 8 of
Gill et al. (1981), for a discussion of limiting accuracy).
If
i=0 or 1, E04UCF/E04UCA will approximate unspecified elements of the constraint Jacobian. One call to
CONFUN is needed for each variable for which partial derivatives are not available. For example, if the Jacobian has the form
where ‘
*’ indicates an element provided by you and ‘?’ indicates an unspecified element, E04UCF/E04UCA will call
CONFUN twice: once to estimate the missing element in column 2, and again to estimate the two missing elements in column 3. (Since columns 1 and 4 are known, they require no calls to
CONFUN.)
At times, central differences are used rather than forward differences, in which case twice as many calls to
OBJFUN and
CONFUN are needed. (The switch to central differences is not under your control.)
If i<0 or i>3, the default value is used.
| Difference Interval | r | Default values are computed |
This option defines an interval used to estimate derivatives by finite differences in the following circumstances:
- For verifying the objective and/or constraint gradients (see the description of the optional parameter Verify).
- For estimating unspecified elements of the objective gradient or the constraint Jacobian.
In general, a derivative with respect to the
jth variable is approximated using the interval
δj, where
δj=r1+x^j, with
x^ the first point feasible with respect to the bounds and linear constraints. If the functions are well scaled, the resulting derivative approximation should be accurate to
Or. See
Gill et al. (1981) for a discussion of the accuracy in finite difference approximations.
If a difference interval is not specified by you, a finite difference interval will be computed automatically for each variable by a procedure that requires up to six calls of
CONFUN and
OBJFUN for each element. This option is recommended if the function is badly scaled or you wish to have E04UCF/E04UCA determine constant elements in the objective and constraint gradients (see the descriptions of
CONFUN and
OBJFUN in Section
5).
| Feasibility Tolerance | r | Default =ε |
The scalar
r defines the maximum acceptable
absolute violations in linear and nonlinear constraints at a ‘feasible’ point; i.e., a constraint is considered satisfied if its violation does not exceed
r. If
r<ε or
r≥1, the default value is used. Using this keyword sets both optional parameters
Linear Feasibility Tolerance and
Nonlinear Feasibility Tolerance to
r, if
ε≤r<1. (Additional details are given under the descriptions of these parameters.)
| Function Precision | r | Default =ε0.9 |
This parameter defines εR, which is intended to be a measure of the accuracy with which the problem functions Fx and cx can be computed. If r<ε or r≥1, the default value is used.
The value of
εR should reflect the relative precision of
1+Fx; i.e.,
εR acts as a relative precision when
F is large, and as an absolute precision when
F is small. For example, if
Fx is typically of order 1000 and the first six significant digits are known to be correct, an appropriate value for
εR would be
10-6. In contrast, if
Fx is typically of order
10-4 and the first six significant digits are known to be correct, an appropriate value for
εR would be
10-10. The choice of
εR can be quite complicated for badly scaled problems; see Chapter 8 of
Gill et al. (1981) for a discussion of scaling techniques. The default value is appropriate for most simple functions that are computed with full accuracy. However, when the accuracy of the computed function values is known to be significantly worse than full precision, the value of
εR should be large enough so that E04UCF/E04UCA will not attempt to distinguish between function values that differ by less than the error inherent in the calculation.
This option controls the contents of the upper triangular matrix
R (see Section
5). E04UCF/E04UCA works exclusively with the
transformed and reordered Hessian
HQ (
6), and hence extra computation is required to form the Hessian itself. If
Hessian=No,
R contains the Cholesky factor of the transformed and reordered Hessian. If
Hessian=Yes, the Cholesky factor of the approximate Hessian itself is formed and stored in
R. You should select
Hessian=Yes if a
Warm Start will be used for the next call to E04UCF/E04UCA.
| Infinite Bound Size | r | Default =1020 |
If r>0, r defines the ‘infinite’ bound bigbnd in the definition of the problem constraints. Any upper bound greater than or equal to bigbnd will be regarded as plus infinity (and similarly any lower bound less than or equal to -bigbnd will be regarded as minus infinity). If r≤0, the default value is used.
| Infinite Step Size | r | Default =maxbigbnd,1020 |
If r>0, r specifies the magnitude of the change in variables that is treated as a step to an unbounded solution. If the change in x during an iteration would exceed the value of r, the objective function is considered to be unbounded below in the feasible region. If r≤0, the default value is used.
| Line Search Tolerance | r | Default =0.9 |
The value r (0≤r<1) controls the accuracy with which the step α taken during each iteration approximates a minimum of the merit function along the search direction (the smaller the value of r, the more accurate the line search). The default value r=0.9 requests an inaccurate search, and is appropriate for most problems, particularly those with any nonlinear constraints.
If there are no nonlinear constraints, a more accurate search may be appropriate when it is desirable to reduce the number of major iterations – for example, if the objective function is cheap to evaluate, or if a substantial number of derivatives are unspecified. If r<0 or r≥1, the default value is used.
| Linear Feasibility Tolerance | r1 | Default =ε |
| Nonlinear Feasibility Tolerance | r2 | Default =ε0.33 or ε |
The default value of r2 is ε0.33 if Derivative Level=0 or 1, and ε otherwise.
The scalars r1 and r2 define the maximum acceptable absolute violations in linear and nonlinear constraints at a ‘feasible’ point; i.e., a linear constraint is considered satisfied if its violation does not exceed r1, and similarly for a nonlinear constraint and r2. If rm<ε or rm≥1, the default value is used, for m=1,2.
On entry to E04UCF/E04UCA, an iterative procedure is executed in order to find a point that satisfies the linear constraints and bounds on the variables to within the tolerance r1. All subsequent iterates will satisfy the linear constraints to within the same tolerance (unless r1 is comparable to the finite difference interval).
For nonlinear constraints, the feasibility tolerance
r2 defines the largest constraint violation that is acceptable at an optimal point. Since nonlinear constraints are generally not satisfied until the final iterate, the value of optional parameter
Nonlinear Feasibility Tolerance acts as a partial termination criterion for the iterative sequence generated by E04UCF/E04UCA (see the discussion of optional parameter
Optimality Tolerance).
These tolerances should reflect the precision of the corresponding constraints. For example, if the variables and the coefficients in the linear constraints are of order unity, and the latter are correct to about 6 decimal digits, it would be appropriate to specify r1 as 10-6.
| List | | Default for E04UCF=List |
| Nolist | | Default for E04UCA=Nolist |
For E04UCF, normally each optional parameter specification is printed as it is supplied. Optional parameter
Nolist may be used to suppress the printing and optional parameter
List may be used to turn on printing.
| Major Iteration Limit | i | Default =max50,3n+nL+10nN |
The value of i specifies the maximum number of major iterations allowed before termination. Setting i=0 and Major Print Level>0 means that the workspace needed will be computed and printed, but no iterations will be performed. If i<0, the default value is used.
| Major Print Level | i | Default for E04UCF=10 |
| Print Level | | Default for E04UCA=0 |
The value of
i controls the amount of printout produced by the major iterations of E04UCF/E04UCA, as indicated below. A detailed description of the printed output is given in Section
8.1 (summary output at each major iteration and the final solution) and Section
12 (monitoring information at each major iteration). (see also the description of the optional parameter
Minor Print Level.)
The following printout is sent to the current advisory message unit (as defined by
X04ABF):
| i |
Output |
| ≥00 |
No output. |
| ≥01 |
The final solution only. |
| ≥05 |
One line of summary output (<80 characters; see Section 8.1) for each major iteration (no printout of the final solution). |
| ≥10 |
The final solution and one line of summary output for each major iteration. |
The following printout is sent to the logical unit number defined by the optional parameter
Monitoring File:
| i |
Output |
| <5 |
No output. |
| ≥5 | One long line of output (>80 characters; see Section 12) for each major iteration (no printout of the final solution). |
| ≥20 |
At each major iteration, the objective function, the Euclidean norm of the nonlinear constraint violations, the values of the nonlinear constraints (the vector c), the values of the linear constraints (the vector ALx), and the current values of the variables (the vector x). |
| ≥30 |
At each major iteration, the diagonal elements of the matrix T associated with the TQ factorization (5) (see Section 10.1) of the QP working set, and the diagonal elements of R, the triangular factor of the transformed and reordered Hessian (6) (see Section 10.1). |
If
Major Print Level≥5 and the unit number defined by the optional parameter
Monitoring File is the same as that defined by
X04ABF, then the summary output for each major iteration is suppressed.
| Minor Iteration Limit | i | Default =max50,3n+nL+nN |
The value of i specifies the maximum number of iterations for finding a feasible point with respect to the bounds and linear constraints (if any). The value of i also specifies the maximum number of minor iterations for the optimality phase of each QP subproblem. If i≤0, the default value is used.
| Minor Print Level | i | Default =0 |
The value of
i controls the amount of printout produced by the minor iterations of E04UCF/E04UCA (i.e., the iterations of the quadratic programming algorithm), as indicated below. A detailed description of the printed output is given in Section
8.1 (summary output at each minor iteration and the final QP solution) and Section
12 of the document for E04NCF/E04NCA (monitoring information at each minor iteration). (See also the description of the optional parameter
Major Print Level.) The following printout is sent to the current advisory message unit (as defined by
X04ABF):
| i |
Output |
| ≥00 |
No output. |
| ≥01 |
The final QP solution only. |
| ≥05 |
One line of summary output (<80 characters; see Section 8.2 of the document for E04NCF/E04NCA) for each minor iteration (no printout of the final QP solution). |
| ≥10 | The final QP solution and one line of summary output for each minor iteration. |
The following printout is sent to the logical unit number defined by the optional parameter
Monitoring File:
| i |
Output |
| <5 |
No output. |
| ≥5 |
One long line of output (>80 characters; see Section 8.2 of the document for E04NCF/E04NCA) for each minor iteration (no printout of the final QP solution). |
| ≥20 |
At each minor iteration, the current estimates of the QP multipliers, the current estimate of the QP search direction, the QP constraint values, and the status of each QP constraint. |
| ≥30 |
At each minor iteration, the diagonal elements of the matrix T associated with the TQ factorization (5) (see Section 10.1) of the QP working set, and the diagonal elements of the Cholesky factor R of the transformed Hessian (6) (see Section 10.1). |
If
Minor Print Level≥5 and the unit number defined by the optional parameter
Monitoring File is the same as that defined by
X04ABF, then the summary output for each minor iteration is suppressed.
| Monitoring File | i | Default =-1 |
If i≥0 and Major Print Level ≥5 or i≥0 and Minor Print Level ≥5, monitoring information produced by E04UCF/E04UCA at every iteration is sent to a file with logical unit number i. If i<0 and/or Major Print Level<5 and Minor Print Level<5, no monitoring information is produced.
| Optimality Tolerance | r | Default =εR0.8 |
The parameter r (εR≤r<1) specifies the accuracy to which you wish the final iterate to approximate a solution of the problem. Broadly speaking, r indicates the number of correct figures desired in the objective function at the solution. For example, if r is 10-6 and E04UCF/E04UCA terminates successfully, the final value of F should have approximately six correct figures. If r<εR or r≥1, the default value is used.
E04UCF/E04UCA will terminate successfully if the iterative sequence of
x values is judged to have converged and the final point satisfies the first-order Kuhn–Tucker conditions (see Section
10.1). The sequence of iterates is considered to have converged at
x if
where
p is the search direction and
α the step length from (
3). An iterate is considered to satisfy the first-order conditions for a minimum if
and
where
ZTgFR is the projected gradient (see Section
10.1),
gFR is the gradient of
Fx with respect to the free variables,
resj is the violation of the
jth active nonlinear constraint, and
ftol is the
Nonlinear Feasibility Tolerance.
| Start Constraint Check At Variable | i3 | Default =1 |
| Start Objective Check At Variable | i1 | Default =1 |
| Stop Constraint Check At Variable | i4 | Default =n |
| Stop Objective Check At Variable | i2 | Default =n |
These keywords take effect only if
Verify Level>0. They may be used to control the verification of gradient elements computed by (sub)program
OBJFUN and/or Jacobian elements computed by (sub)program
CONFUN. For example, if the first 30 elements of the objective gradient appeared to be correct in an earlier run, so that only element 31 remains questionable, it is reasonable to specify
Start Objective Check At Variable=31. If the first 30 variables appear linearly in the objective, so that the corresponding gradient elements are constant, the above choice would also be appropriate.
If i2m-1≤0 or i2m-1>minn,i2m, the default value is used, for m=1,2. If i2m≤0 or i2m>n, the default value is used, for m=1,2.
If r>0,r specifies the maximum change in variables at the first step of the line search. In some cases, such as Fx=aebx or Fx=axb, even a moderate change in the elements of x can lead to floating-point overflow. The parameter r is therefore used to encourage evaluation of the problem functions at meaningful points. Given any major iterate x, the first point x˜ at which F and c are evaluated during the line search is restricted so that
The line search may go on and evaluate
F and
c at points further from
x if this will result in a lower value of the merit function (indicated by
L at the end of each line of output produced by the major iterations; see Section
8.1). If
L is printed for most of the iterations,
r should be set to a larger value.
Wherever possible, upper and lower bounds on
x should be used to prevent evaluation of nonlinear functions at wild values. The default value
Step Limit=2.0 should not affect progress on well-behaved functions, but values such as
0.1 or 0.01 may be helpful when rapidly varying functions are present. If a small value of
Step Limit is selected, a good starting point may be required. An important application is to the class of nonlinear least-squares problems. If
r≤0, the default value is used.
| Verify Objective Gradients | | |
| Verify Constraint Gradients | | |
These keywords refer to finite difference checks on the gradient elements computed by the user-supplied (sub)programs
OBJFUN and
CONFUN. Gradients are verified at the user-supplied initial estimate of the solution. The possible choices for
i are the following:
| i |
Meaning |
| -1 |
No checks are performed. |
| -0 |
Only a ‘cheap’ test will be performed, requiring one call to OBJFUN. |
| ≥1 |
Individual gradient elements will also be checked using a reliable (but more expensive) test. |
It is possible to specify
Verify Level=0 to
3 in several ways. For example, the nonlinear objective gradient (if any) will be verified if either
Verify Objective Gradients or
Verify Level=1 is specified. Similarly, the objective and the constraint gradients will be verified if
Verify=Yes or
Verify Level=3 or
Verify is specified.
If
0≤i≤3, gradients will be verified at the first point that satisfies the linear constraints and bounds. If
i=0, only a ‘cheap’ test will be performed, requiring one call to
OBJFUN and (if appropriate) one call to
CONFUN. If
1≤i≤3, a more reliable (but more expensive) check will be made on individual gradient elements, within the ranges specified by the
Start and
Stop keywords. A result of the form
OK or
BAD? is printed by E04UCF/E04UCA to indicate whether or not each element appears to be correct.
If 10≤i≤13, the action is the same as for i-10, except that it will take place at the user-specified initial value of x.
If i<-1 or 4≤i≤9 or i>13, the default value is used.
We suggest that Verify Level=3 be used whenever a new function routine is being developed.
12 Description of Monitoring Information
This section describes the long line of output (
>80 characters) which forms part of the monitoring information produced by E04UCF/E04UCA. (See also the description of the optional parameters
Major Print Level,
Minor Print Level and
Monitoring File.) The level of printed output can be controlled by you.
When
Major Print Level≥5 and
Monitoring File≥0, the following line of output is produced at every major iteration of E04UCF/E04UCA on the unit number specified by
Monitoring File. In all cases, the values of the quantities printed are those in effect
on completion of the given iteration.
| Maj |
is the major iteration count.
|
| Mnr |
is the number of minor iterations required by the feasibility and optimality phases of the QP subproblem. Generally, Mnr will be 1 in the later iterations, since theoretical analysis predicts that the correct active set will be identified near the solution
(see Section 10).
Note that Mnr may be greater than the optional parameter Minor Iteration Limit if some iterations are required for the feasibility phase. |
| Step |
is the step αk taken along the computed search direction. On reasonably well-behaved problems, the unit step (i.e., αk=1) will be taken as the solution is approached.
|
| Nfun |
is the cumulative number of evaluations of the objective function needed for the line search. Evaluations needed for the estimation of the gradients by finite differences are not included. Nfun is printed as a guide to the amount of work required for the line search.
|
| Merit Function |
is the value of the augmented Lagrangian merit function (12) at the current iterate. This function will decrease at each iteration unless it was necessary to increase the penalty parameters
(see Section 10.3).
As the solution is approached, Merit Function will converge to the value of the objective function at the solution.
If the QP subproblem does not have a feasible point (signified by I at the end of the current output line) then the merit function is a large multiple of the constraint violations, weighted by the penalty parameters. During a sequence of major iterations with infeasible subproblems, the sequence of Merit Function values will decrease monotonically until either a feasible subproblem is obtained or E04UCF/E04UCA terminates with IFAIL =3 (no feasible point could be found for the nonlinear constraints).
If there are no nonlinear constraints present (i.e., NCNLN=0) then this entry contains Objective, the value of the objective function Fx. The objective function will decrease monotonically to its optimal value when there are no nonlinear constraints.
|
| Norm Gz |
is ZTgFR, the Euclidean norm of the projected gradient
(see Section 10.2).
Norm Gz will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
|
| Violtn |
is the Euclidean norm of the residuals of constraints that are violated or in the predicted active set (not printed if NCNLN is zero). Violtn will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
|
| Nz |
is the number of columns of Z (see Section 10.2). The value of Nz is the number of variables minus the number of constraints in the predicted active set; i.e., Nz=n-Bnd+Lin+Nln.
|
| Bnd |
is the number of simple bound constraints in the predicted active set.
|
| Lin |
is the number of general linear constraints in the predicted working set.
|
| Nln |
is the number of nonlinear constraints in the predicted active set (not printed if NCNLN is zero).
|
| Penalty |
is the Euclidean norm of the vector of penalty parameters used in the augmented Lagrangian merit function (not printed if NCNLN is zero).
|
| Cond H |
is a lower bound on the condition number of the Hessian approximation H.
|
| Cond Hz |
is a lower bound on the condition number of the projected Hessian approximation
HZ
(
HZ
=
ZT
HFR
Z
=
RZT
RZ
; see (6)). The larger this number, the more difficult the problem.
|
| Cond T |
is a lower bound on the condition number of the matrix of predicted active constraints.
|
| Conv |
is a three-letter indication of the status of the three convergence tests (16)–(18) defined in the description of the optional parameter Optimality Tolerance. Each letter is T if the test is satisfied and F otherwise. The three tests indicate whether:- the sequence of iterates has converged;
- the projected gradient (Norm Gz) is sufficiently small; and
- the norm of the residuals of constraints in the predicted active set (Violtn) is small enough.
If any of these indicators is F when E04UCF/E04UCA terminates with IFAIL =0, you should check the solution carefully.
|
| M |
is printed if the quasi-Newton update has been modified to ensure that the Hessian approximation is positive-definite
(see Section 10.4).
|
| I |
is printed if the QP subproblem has no feasible point.
|
| C |
is printed if central differences have been used to compute the unspecified objective and constraint gradients. If the value of Step is zero then the switch to central differences was made because no lower point could be found in the line search. (In this case, the QP subproblem is resolved with the central difference gradient and Jacobian.) If the value of Step is non-zero then central differences were computed because Norm Gz and Violtn imply that x is close to a Kuhn–Tucker point
(see Section 10.1 of the document for E04UFF/E04UFA).
|
| L |
is printed if the line search has produced a relative change in x greater than the value defined by the optional parameter Step Limit. If this output occurs frequently during later iterations of the run, optional parameter Step Limit should be set to a larger value.
|
| R |
is printed if the approximate Hessian has been refactorized. If the diagonal condition estimator of R indicates that the approximate Hessian is badly conditioned then the approximate Hessian is refactorized using column interchanges. If necessary, R is modified so that its diagonal condition estimator is bounded.
|
© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2006