g05 Chapter Contents
g05 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

# NAG Library Function Documentnag_rand_bivariate_copula_clayton (g05rec)

## 1  Purpose

nag_rand_bivariate_copula_clayton (g05rec) generates pseudorandom uniform bivariates with joint distribution of a Clayton/Cook–Johnson Archimedean copula.

## 2  Specification

 #include #include
 void nag_rand_bivariate_copula_clayton (Nag_OrderType order, Integer state[], double theta, Integer n, double x[], Integer pdx, Integer sdx, NagError *fail)

## 3  Description

Generates pseudorandom uniform bivariates $\left\{{u}_{1},{u}_{2}\right\}\in {\left(0,1\right]}^{2}$ whose joint distribution is the Clayton/Cook–Johnson Archimedean copula ${C}_{\theta }$ with parameter $\theta$, given by
 $Cθ = max u1 -θ + u2 -θ -1 ,0 -1/θ , θ ∈ -1,∞ ∖ 0$
with the special cases:
• ${C}_{-1}=\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({u}_{1}+{u}_{2}-1,0\right)$, the Fréchet–Hoeffding lower bound;
• ${C}_{0}={u}_{1}{u}_{2}$, the product copula;
• ${C}_{\infty }=\mathrm{min}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({u}_{1},{u}_{2}\right)$, the Fréchet–Hoeffding upper bound.
The generation method uses conditional sampling.
One of the initialization functions nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc) (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to nag_rand_bivariate_copula_clayton (g05rec).

## 4  References

Nelsen R B (2006) An Introduction to Copulas (2nd Edition) Springer Series in Statistics

## 5  Arguments

1:     orderNag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$. See Section 3.2.1.3 in the Essential Introduction for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$.
2:     state[$\mathit{dim}$]IntegerCommunication Array
Note: the dimension, $\mathit{dim}$, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument state in the previous call to nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc).
On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.
On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.
On entry: $\theta$, the copula parameter.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{theta}}\ge -1.0$.
4:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of bivariates to generate.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
5:     x[${\mathbf{pdx}}×{\mathbf{sdx}}$]doubleOutput
Note: where ${\mathbf{X}}\left(i,j\right)$ appears in this document, it refers to the array element ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdx}}+i-1\right]$.
On exit: the $n$ bivariate uniforms with joint distribution described by ${C}_{\theta }$, with ${\mathbf{X}}\left(i,j\right)$ holding the $i$th value for the $j$th dimension if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$ and the $j$th value for the $i$th dimension of ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
6:     pdxIntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating matrix row elements in the array x.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge 2$.
7:     sdxIntegerInput
On entry: the secondary dimension of X.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{sdx}}\ge 2$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{sdx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
8:     failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
On entry, argument $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
NE_INT_2
On entry, pdx must be at least $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$: ${\mathbf{pdx}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
On entry, sdx must be at least $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$: ${\mathbf{sdx}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_INVALID_STATE
On entry, corrupt state argument.
NE_REAL
On entry, invalid theta: ${\mathbf{theta}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{theta}}\ge -1.0$.

Not applicable.

## 8  Parallelism and Performance

nag_rand_bivariate_copula_clayton (g05rec) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

In practice, the need for numerical stability restricts the range of $\theta$ such that:
• if $\left(\theta +1\right)<\epsilon$, the function returns pseudorandom uniform variates with ${C}_{-1}$ joint distribution;
• if $\left|\theta \right|<1.0×{10}^{-6}$, the function returns pseudorandom uniform variates with ${C}_{0}$ joint distribution;
• if $\theta >\mathrm{ln}{\epsilon }_{s}/\mathrm{ln}\left(1.0×{10}^{-2}\right)$, the function returns pseudorandom uniform variates with ${C}_{\infty }$ joint distribution;
where ${\epsilon }_{s}$ is the safe-range parameter, the value of which is returned by nag_real_safe_small_number (X02AMC); and $\epsilon$ is the machine precision returned by nag_machine_precision (X02AJC).

## 10  Example

This example generates thirteen variates for copula ${C}_{-0.8}$.

### 10.1  Program Text

Program Text (g05rece.c)

None.

### 10.3  Program Results

Program Results (g05rece.r)