d02 Chapter Contents
d02 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

# NAG Library Function Documentnag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc)

## 1  Purpose

nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) is a one-step function for solving an initial value problem for a first-order system of ordinary differential equations using Runge–Kutta methods.

## 2  Specification

 #include #include
void  nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (
 void (*f)(double t, Integer n, const double y[], double yp[], Nag_Comm *comm),
Integer n, double *tnow, double ynow[], double ypnow[], Nag_Comm *comm, Integer iwsav[], double rwsav[], NagError *fail)

## 3  Description

nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) and its associated functions (nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc)nag_ode_ivp_rkts_reset_tend (d02prc)nag_ode_ivp_rkts_interp (d02psc)nag_ode_ivp_rkts_diag (d02ptc) and nag_ode_ivp_rkts_errass (d02puc)) solve an initial value problem for a first-order system of ordinary differential equations. The functions, based on Runge–Kutta methods and derived from RKSUITE (see Brankin et al. (1991)), integrate
 $y′=ft,y given yt0=y0$
where $y$ is the vector of $\mathit{n}$ solution components and $t$ is the independent variable.
nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) is designed to be used in complicated tasks when solving systems of ordinary differential equations. You must first call nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc) to specify the problem and how it is to be solved. Thereafter you (repeatedly) call nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) to take one integration step at a time from tstart in the direction of tend (as specified in nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc)). In this manner nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) returns an approximation to the solution ynow and its derivative ypnow at successive points tnow. If nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) encounters some difficulty in taking a step, the integration is not advanced and the function returns with the same values of tnow, ynow and ypnow as returned on the previous successful step. nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) tries to advance the integration as far as possible subject to passing the test on the local error and not going past tend.
In the call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc) you can specify either the first step size for nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) to attempt or that it computes automatically an appropriate value. Thereafter nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) estimates an appropriate step size for its next step. This value and other details of the integration can be obtained after any call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) by a call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_diag (d02ptc). The local error is controlled at every step as specified in nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc). If you wish to assess the true error, you must set ${\mathbf{errass}}=\mathrm{Nag_ErrorAssess_on}$ in the call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc). This assessment can be obtained after any call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) by a call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_errass (d02puc).
If you want answers at specific points there are two ways to proceed:
 (i) The more efficient way is to step past the point where a solution is desired, and then call nag_ode_ivp_rkts_interp (d02psc) to get an answer there. Within the span of the current step, you can get all the answers you want at very little cost by repeated calls to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_interp (d02psc). This is very valuable when you want to find where something happens, e.g., where a particular solution component vanishes. You cannot proceed in this way with ${\mathbf{method}}=\mathrm{Nag_RK_7_8}$. (ii) The other way to get an answer at a specific point is to set tend to this value and integrate to tend. nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) will not step past tend, so when a step would carry it past, it will reduce the step size so as to produce an answer at tend exactly. After getting an answer there (${\mathbf{tnow}}={\mathbf{tend}}$), you can reset tend to the next point where you want an answer, and repeat. tend could be reset by a call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc), but you should not do this. You should use nag_ode_ivp_rkts_reset_tend (d02prc) instead because it is both easier to use and much more efficient. This way of getting answers at specific points can be used with any of the available methods, but it is the only way with ${\mathbf{method}}=\mathrm{Nag_RK_7_8}$. It can be inefficient. Should this be the case, the code will bring the matter to your attention.

## 4  References

Brankin R W, Gladwell I and Shampine L F (1991) RKSUITE: A suite of Runge–Kutta codes for the initial value problems for ODEs SoftReport 91-S1 Southern Methodist University

## 5  Arguments

1:     ffunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
f must evaluate the functions ${f}_{i}$ (that is the first derivatives ${y}_{i}^{\prime }$) for given values of the arguments $t$, ${y}_{i}$.
The specification of f is:
 void f (double t, Integer n, const double y[], double yp[], Nag_Comm *comm)
1:     tdoubleInput
On entry: $t$, the current value of the independent variable.
2:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $\mathit{n}$, the number of ordinary differential equations in the system to be solved.
3:     y[n]const doubleInput
On entry: the current values of the dependent variables, ${y}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,\mathit{n}$.
4:     yp[n]doubleOutput
On exit: the values of ${f}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,\mathit{n}$.
5:     commNag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to f.
userdouble *
iuserInteger *
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by f when called from nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) (see Section 3.2.1.1 in the Essential Introduction).
2:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of ordinary differential equations in the system to be solved.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 1$.
3:     tnowdouble *Output
On exit: $t$, the value of the independent variable at which a solution has been computed.
4:     ynow[n]doubleOutput
On exit: an approximation to the solution at tnow. The local error of the step to tnow was no greater than permitted by the specified tolerances (see nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc)).
5:     ypnow[n]doubleOutput
On exit: an approximation to the first derivative of the solution at tnow.
6:     commNag_Comm *Communication Structure
The NAG communication argument (see Section 3.2.1.1 in the Essential Introduction).
7:     iwsav[$130$]IntegerCommunication Array
8:     rwsav[$32×{\mathbf{n}}+350$]doubleCommunication Array
On entry: these must be the same arrays supplied in a previous call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc). They must remain unchanged between calls.
On exit: information about the integration for use on subsequent calls to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) or other associated functions.
9:     failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

On entry, argument $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT_CHANGED
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$, but the value passed to the setup function was ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_MISSING_CALL
On entry, a previous call to the setup function has not been made or the communication arrays have become corrupted.
NE_PREV_CALL
On entry, the communication arrays have become corrupted, or a catastrophic error has already been detected elsewhere. You cannot continue integrating the problem.
NE_PREV_CALL_INI
A call to this function cannot be made after it has returned an error.
The setup function must be called to start another problem.
NE_RK_GLOBAL_ERROR_S
The global error assessment algorithm failed at start of integration.
The integration is being terminated.
NE_RK_GLOBAL_ERROR_T
The global error assessment may not be reliable for times beyond $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
The integration is being terminated.
NE_RK_POINTS
More than $100$ output points have been obtained by integrating to tend (as specified in the setup function). They have been so clustered that it would probably be (much) more efficient to use the interpolation function (if ${\mathbf{method}}=\mathrm{Nag_RK_7_8}$, switch to ${\mathbf{method}}=\mathrm{Nag_RK_4_5}$ at setup).
However, you can continue integrating the problem.
NE_RK_STEP_TOO_SMALL
In order to satisfy your error requirements the solver has to use a step size of $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ at the current time, $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$. This step size is too small for the machine precision, and is smaller than $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
NE_RK_TGOT_EQ_TEND
tend, as specified in the setup function, has already been reached.
To start a new problem, you will need to call the setup function.
To continue integration beyond tend then nag_ode_ivp_rkts_reset_tend (d02prc) must first be called to reset tend to a new end value.
NE_STIFF_PROBLEM
Approximately $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ function evaluations have been used to compute the solution since the integration started or since this message was last printed. Your problem has been diagnosed as stiff. If the situation persists, it will cost roughly $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ times as much to reach tend (setup) as it has cost to reach the current time. You should probably call functions intended for stiff problems. However, you can continue integrating the problem.
NW_RK_TOO_MANY
Approximately $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ function evaluations have been used to compute the solution since the integration started or since this message was last printed.
However, you can continue integrating the problem.

## 7  Accuracy

The accuracy of integration is determined by the arguments tol and thresh in a prior call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc) (see the function document for nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc) for further details and advice). Note that only the local error at each step is controlled by these arguments. The error estimates obtained are not strict bounds but are usually reliable over one step. Over a number of steps the overall error may accumulate in various ways, depending on the properties of the differential system.

## 8  Parallelism and Performance

nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) is not threaded by NAG in any implementation.
nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

If nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) returns with ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_RK_STEP_TOO_SMALL and the accuracy specified by tol and thresh is really required then you should consider whether there is a more fundamental difficulty. For example, the solution may contain a singularity. In such a region the solution components will usually be large in magnitude. Successive output values of ynow should be monitored with the aim of trapping the solution before the singularity. In any case numerical integration cannot be continued through a singularity, and analytical treatment may be necessary.
Performance statistics are available after any return from nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) (except when ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_BAD_PARAMNE_INT_CHANGEDNE_MISSING_CALLNE_PREV_CALLNE_PREV_CALL_INI or NE_RK_TGOT_EQ_TEND) by a call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_diag (d02ptc). If ${\mathbf{errass}}=\mathrm{Nag_ErrorAssess_on}$ in the call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_setup (d02pqc), global error assessment is available after any return from nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) (except when ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_BAD_PARAMNE_INT_CHANGEDNE_MISSING_CALLNE_PREV_CALLNE_PREV_CALL_INI or NE_RK_TGOT_EQ_TEND) by a call to nag_ode_ivp_rkts_errass (d02puc).
After a failure with ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_RK_GLOBAL_ERROR_SNE_RK_GLOBAL_ERROR_T or NE_RK_STEP_TOO_SMALL each of the diagnostic functions nag_ode_ivp_rkts_diag (d02ptc) and nag_ode_ivp_rkts_errass (d02puc) may be called only once.
If nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) returns with ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_STIFF_PROBLEM then it is advisable to change to another code more suited to the solution of stiff problems. nag_ode_ivp_rkts_onestep (d02pfc) will not return with ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_STIFF_PROBLEM if the problem is actually stiff but it is estimated that integration can be completed using less function evaluations than already computed.

## 10  Example

This example solves the equation
 $y′′ = -y , y0 = 0 , y′0 = 1$
reposed as
 $y1′ = y2$
 $y2′ = -y1$
over the range $\left[0,2\pi \right]$ with initial conditions ${y}_{1}=0.0$ and ${y}_{2}=1.0$. We use relative error control with threshold values of $\text{1.0e−8}$ for each solution component and print the solution at each integration step across the range. We use a medium order Runge–Kutta method (${\mathbf{method}}=\mathrm{Nag_RK_4_5}$) with tolerances ${\mathbf{tol}}=\text{1.0e−4}$ and ${\mathbf{tol}}=\text{1.0e−5}$ in turn so that we may compare the solutions.

### 10.1  Program Text

Program Text (d02pfce.c)

### 10.2  Program Data

Program Data (d02pfce.d)

### 10.3  Program Results

Program Results (d02pfce.r)