g01 Chapter Contents
g01 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual

# NAG Library Function Documentnag_normal_scores_exact (g01dac)

## 1  Purpose

nag_normal_scores_exact (g01dac) computes a set of Normal scores, i.e., the expected values of an ordered set of independent observations from a Normal distribution with mean $0.0$ and standard deviation $1.0$.

## 2  Specification

 #include #include
 void nag_normal_scores_exact (Integer n, double pp[], double etol, double *errest, NagError *fail)

## 3  Description

If a sample of $n$ observations from any distribution (which may be denoted by ${x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots ,{x}_{n}$), is sorted into ascending order, the $r$th smallest value in the sample is often referred to as the $r$th ‘order statistic’, sometimes denoted by ${x}_{\left(r\right)}$ (see Kendall and Stuart (1969)).
The order statistics therefore have the property
 $x1≤x2≤…≤xn.$
(If $n=2r+1$, ${x}_{r+1}$ is the sample median.)
For samples originating from a known distribution, the distribution of each order statistic in a sample of given size may be determined. In particular, the expected values of the order statistics may be found by integration. If the sample arises from a Normal distribution, the expected values of the order statistics are referred to as the ‘Normal scores’. The Normal scores provide a set of reference values against which the order statistics of an actual data sample of the same size may be compared, to provide an indication of Normality for the sample . A plot of the data against the scores gives a normal probability plot. Normal scores have other applications; for instance, they are sometimes used as alternatives to ranks in nonparametric testing procedures.
nag_normal_scores_exact (g01dac) computes the $r$th Normal score for a given sample size $n$ as
 $Exr=∫-∞∞xrdGr,$
where
 $dGr=Arr- 1 1-Arn-r d Ar β r,n-r+ 1 , Ar=12π ∫-∞xre-t2/2 dt, r= 1,2,…,n,$
and $\beta$ denotes the complete beta function.
The function attempts to evaluate the scores so that the estimated error in each score is less than the value etol specified by you. All integrations are performed in parallel and arranged so as to give good speed and reasonable accuracy.

## 4  References

Kendall M G and Stuart A (1969) The Advanced Theory of Statistics (Volume 1) (3rd Edition) Griffin

## 5  Arguments

1:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the size of the set.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}>0$.
2:     pp[n]doubleOutput
On exit: the Normal scores. ${\mathbf{pp}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]$ contains the value $E\left({x}_{\left(\mathit{i}\right)}\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
3:     etoldoubleInput
On entry: the maximum value for the estimated absolute error in the computed scores.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{etol}}>0.0$.
4:     errestdouble *Output
On exit: a computed estimate of the maximum error in the computed scores (see Section 7).
5:     failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
On entry, argument $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_ERROR_ESTIMATE
The function was unable to estimate the scores with estimated error less than etol.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}>0$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_REAL
On entry, ${\mathbf{etol}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{etol}}>0.0$.

## 7  Accuracy

Errors are introduced by evaluation of the functions $d{G}_{r}$ and errors in the numerical integration process. Errors are also introduced by the approximation of the true infinite range of integration by a finite range $\left[a,b\right]$ but $a$ and $b$ are chosen so that this effect is of lower order than that of the other two factors. In order to estimate the maximum error the functions $d{G}_{r}$ are also integrated over the range $\left[a,b\right]$. nag_normal_scores_exact (g01dac) returns the estimated maximum error as
 $errest=maxr maxa,b× ∫ab dGr-1.0 .$

The time taken by nag_normal_scores_exact (g01dac) depends on etol and n. For a given value of etol the timing varies approximately linearly with n.

## 9  Example

The program below generates the Normal scores for samples of size $5$, $10$, $15$, and prints the scores and the computed error estimates.

### 9.1  Program Text

Program Text (g01dace.c)

None.

### 9.3  Program Results

Program Results (g01dace.r)